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Typologie des problèmes dans les sociétés : problèmes techniques et problèmes adaptatifs

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2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, ARING Monika, Base documentaire

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Ronald HEIFETZ, professeur à l’Ecole d’administration J.F.Kennedy (Université de Harvard), distingue deux types fondamentaux de problèmes rencontrés par les sociétés : les problèmes techniques et les problèmes d’adaptation.

1. Les problèmes techniques, tels que les catastrophes naturelles, ont déjà été résolus dans le passé. Pour résoudre ce type de problèmes, une société a besoin d’une approche autoritaire et directive, où chacun connaît la procédure à suivre, même dans le cas de situations particulièrement compliquées.

2. Les problèmes « adaptatifs » ou « d’adaptation » sont ceux que la société n’a jamais encore résolu. Quand il s’agit de résoudre ce type de problèmes, une approche directive ne fonctionne pas. Leur résolution exige au contraire la collaboration de tous les acteurs sociaux, qui doivent inventer ensemble la solution. Elle fait souvent intervenir des champs d’action généralement cloisonnés. On peut citer comme exemples les questions d’environnement, de santé, etc.

Selon Ronald HEIFETZ, le management nécessaire pour résoudre les problèmes de type technique est fondamentalement différent de celui qui convient aux problèmes adaptatifs. Or, même lorsque nous attendons de nos dirigeants qu’ils résolvent un problème adaptatif, ils prennent des mesures d’ordre technique : décisions unilatérales, directives, règlements…

Des leaders adaptatifs devraient au contraire savoir faciliter le dialogue social et ainsi permettre à la société d’apporter sa réponse.

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2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 4 - Le territoire comme objet… d’aménagement, de politique, de financement, de recherche, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, Base documentaire ARING Monika

Typologie des problèmes dans les sociétés : problèmes techniques et problèmes adaptatifs

Typologie des problèmes dans les sociétés : problèmes techniques et problèmes adaptatifs

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