Manifeste pour des ruralités vivantes

2021

Ce manifeste pour des ruralités vivantes avance différentes propositions d’évolution. Organisations professionnelles, associations, administrations, élus nationaux et locaux et citoyens doivent s’en saisir.

Ce manifeste est proposé par la FNSEA – Fédération Nationale des Syndicats d’Exploitants Agricoles avec 36 cosignataires.

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Les Missions Locales

1996



Présentation de la vocation des Missions locales




Les missions locales sont des outils au service des jeunes en difficulté. Créées à l’initiative des élus locaux, constituées le plus souvent d’associations, elles rassemblent dans leurs instances des représentants des collectivités territoriales et des services de l’Etat, des partenaires économiques et sociaux, et des associations.

Au travers des actions d’accueil, d’orientation et d’accompagnement, elles apportent un soutien aux jeunes pour leur insertion sociale et professionnelle, en liaison et avec l’appui des partenaires locaux. Elles élaborent et mettent en place avec ces partenaires des réponses adaptées aux problèmes rencontrés.

Dès la création de cet outil en 1982, des missions locales se sont implantées en milieu rural (aujourd’hui, au nombre de 70) : l’insertion sociale et professionnelle y devenait alors également une question qui commençait à se poser aussi dans les territoires ruraux et y prend aujourd’hui une dimension préoccupante.

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Pourquoi les jeunes désertent-ils ?

1996



Dans cet article, l’auteur partage sa préoccupation vis-à-vis du phénomène de désertion des territoires ruraux par les jeunes. Si l’un des enjeux est de mieux accompagner leur insertion professionnelle, la situation nécessite aussi de mieux comprendre pourquoi les jeunes désertent.




Implantée en région Aquitaine, la Mission Locale du Pays Villeneuvois s’adresse aux jeunes de l’arrondissement de Villeneuve-sur-Lot situé au nord-est du département du Lot-et-Garonne. [Elle] a accompagné, au cours de l’année 1995, plus de 1500 jeunes. [Cet accompagnement] comprend un important travail de fond sur l’orientation et la construction d’un projet professionnel. La principale difficulté que nous affrontons est l’absence de motivation réelle des jeunes qui leur permettrait de se propulser vers la vie active, vers un projet de vie.
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L’association foncière pastorale : un outil de travail

1999






L’association foncière pastorale : un outil de travail

L’association foncière pastorale (AFP) réunit les propriétaires fonciers afin de gérer collectivement un périmètre à l’abandon ou en voie d’abandon. Cinq principaux objectifs sont visés :

  • Répondre aux objectifs de la politique paysagère intercommunale : le paysage est le fruit de la relation entre un milieu naturel et une société ;

  • Améliorer l’aspect paysager de la vallée, en rendant plus agréable le cadre de vie quotidien de ses habitants et plus attractive cette zone de montagne pour les touristes ;

  • Résorber progressivement les grands espaces en friche aux portes des villages ;

  • Développer et soutenir l’agriculture de montagne de la vallée par la mise en valeur de prés de fauche et de pâturages ;

  • Sauvegarder la vie économique et sociale des villages.

Les propriétaires du périmètre concerné s’associent tout en restant individuellement propriétaires de leurs biens fonciers. Il n’est en aucun cas question d’expropriation. La création de l’AFP permet à un propriétaire de vendre ou d’acheter des terrains du périmètre. L’AFP gère, entretient ou fait entretenir l’ensemble du périmètre, y effectue les travaux nécessaires à la remise en état.

Toutes les décisions sont prises en Assemblée générale, par l’ensemble des propriétaires ; la Direction départementale de l’agriculture et des forêts (DDAF) et le District Haute-Bruche aident à l’aboutissement du projet, dans la mesure où la majorité des propriétaires concernés y est favorable. L’association est largement soutenue financièrement par les divers partenaires institutionnels, une part restant à sa charge.

L’AFP est donc essentiellement un outil de travail pour faire en sorte qu’un espace naturel soit entretenu au lieu de perdre toute valeur agronomique, patrimoniale, paysagère…

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La SICA et le développement local

1996



Dans cet article, l’auteur souligne l’intérêt, l’originalité et la modernité de l’outil SICA pour accompagner l’aménagement et l’organisation des territoires ruraux. Contrairement aux outils classiques du développement agricole, la SICA est une structure ouverte à l’ensemble des acteurs ruraux d’où probablement de nouvelles opportunités à rechercher aujourd’hui dans l’appui aux dynamiques de « pays ».




La société d’intérêt collectif agricole a été introduite dans notre droit par la grande Loi du 5 août 1920 qui organisait la société coopérative agricole et la caisse de crédit agricole mutuel. Aux SICA revenait l’équipement rural tel l’électrification rurale, grand projet de l’époque. L’équipement étant un bien collectif territorial, les SICA étaient ouvertes à tous les habitants ruraux, sous réserve que les agriculteurs possèdent la majorité en voix aux assemblées générales.

L’origine de cette grande loi d’organisation rurale se trouve dans l’héroïsme des paysans qui ont supporté le poids principal de la Guerre des tranchées (1914-18). Le « ils ont des droits sur nous » était le signe de la reconnaissance de la Nation, mais il découlait aussi du sentiment que les valeurs rurales ayant permis de tels hommes devaient être sauvegardées en vue du bien commun à venir.

Le souci du législateur était donc de protéger un style de vie si fertile en qualités humaines, que le modèle urbain qui se généralisait pouvait détruire, non par hostilité, mais parce que les critères qu’il génère sont incompatibles avec la spécificité des milieux ruraux.

Par la suite, la modernisation des exploitations agricoles, en agrandissant les surfaces, a poussé à l’exode rural. A un point tel que l’on s’est enfin aperçu qu’agriculteurs et éleveurs, s’ils étaient essentiels à la ruralité, n’en formaient pas la totalité.

Il existe à leurs côtés d’autres catégories sociales qui sont aussi des paysans, c’est-à-dire ceux qui font le pays et participent aux réalités rurales. La raréfaction croissante des agriculteurs et des éleveurs leur redonne une importance relative. Mais il est bien tard. Les concepts urbains juridiques et administratifs ont mis toute leur emprise sur ces acteurs de la ruralité autres qu’agricoles et la cohérence du tissu rural, toutes activités confondues, en est altérée !

Et nos SICA, justement ouvertes à toutes les catégories d’activités rurales, que deviennent-elles dans cette évolution ? Elles ont été totalement éclipsées par la réussite économique de la coopération agricole, par le succès bancaire prodigieux du Crédit Agricole. L’action du crédit et de la coopération agricoles reste certes profitable aux milieux ruraux. Mais en incarnent-ils encore l’esprit selon les critères de la Loi du 5 août 1920 ?

Alors pourquoi ne pas donner à la SICA conçue dès l’origine pour l’équipement rural une vocation particulière pour l’équipement du « pays », tel qu’il est défini par la Loi récente sur l’aménagement du territoire ? En n’oubliant pas bien sûr, que dans la tradition mutualiste, l’organisation d’un tissu social, c’est aussi de l’équipement, puisqu’il s’agit de donner à un milieu de vie les moyens de s’exprimer.

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L’innovation agricole et les politiques régionales en Ile-de-France

2007



Dans son discours, l’auteur rappelle la dimension agricole et rurale de la région Ile-de-France, tant sur le plan géographique qu’économique. Dès lors pour le président de la région Ile-de-France, l’enjeu est d’accompagner l’agriculture et l’espace rural pour conduire l’innovation nécessaire face aux défis de compétitivité, pour créer de nouvelles valeurs ajoutées, pour protéger les espaces naturels mais aussi maintenir des territoires vivants.




Je crois qu’on n’associe pas tellement l’Ile-de-France à l’agriculture. En général il y a d’autres images qui viennent à l’esprit, d’autres couleurs que le vert. Pourtant, c’est vrai que l’Ile-de-France est une région très urbanisée, la plus urbanisée, c’est vrai que c’est une région industrielle, une des plus industrielle, une région de services aussi, des services financiers par exemple. C’est une terre de recherche aussi, elle compte 45% des chercheurs du pays et concentre l’essentiel des grands centres de recherche. C’est une terre de patrimoine immobilier très important. Il y a 25 millions de mètres carrés de bureaux en Ile-de-France, c’est la première surface immobilière de bureaux ! Cette année, la région accueillera plus d’entreprises étrangères que Londres.
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La gestion des ressources humaines en milieu rural : l’exemple du Pays Couserans

2006



Dans cet article, l’auteur détaille une action menée par les élus locaux pour améliorer le développement socio-économique du territoire. La gestion prévisionnelle des emplois et des compétences s’y inscrit au travers de la recherche d’un développement local. L’expérience du Pays Couserans illustre l’enjeu que représente, à un moment donné et pour un territoire, la gestion des ressources humaines, ici dans le cadre d’une meilleure structuration des acteurs du territoire.




Petit bassin d’emploi pyrénéen, le Couserans occupe la partie occidentale du département de l’Ariège. Il est traversé par 18 vallées, dont celle du Salat. D’une superficie de 1700 km², il compte 29000 habitants (stabilité par apports migratoires), soit en moyenne 17 hab/km². Saint Girons, ville centre et carrefour du pays, compte environ 6300 habitants (recensement 1999 ; -14 % depuis 1982 au profit de son agglomération d’environ 12000 hab).

Le territoire se divise entre une zone de piémont à vocation agricole et résidentielle plutôt attractive au nord (300 – 600 mètres d’altitude) et une partie plus montagneuse au sud (jusqu’à 2800 mètres d’altitude), frontalière de l’Espagne, cul de sac mué par le tourisme saisonnier.

L’organisation administrative du territoire s’articule autour de 8 communautés de communes, (95 communes) réunies en Syndicat Mixte de pays.

En 1996 est créée une « Association de Développement du Couserans » (ADC), structure de coordination des procédures de « contrat de terroir » initiée par la Région. L’association est chargée, dès la fin 1998, de l’orientation vers la construction d’un pays Voynet, avant que soit envisagé ultérieurement, par l’échelon départemental, la création d’un parc naturel régional. Dans une démarche qui se veut aussi de « démocratie participative » et dans l’optique de la formation du « conseil de développement » du futur pays, les socioprofessionnels couserannais, les « forces vives locales », sont consultés, notamment pour le travail de réunion et de réflexion qui mènera à la rédaction de la « charte de pays ».

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La gestion des ressources humaines en milieu rural : l’expérience de la coopérative SICASELI

2006



Dans cet article, les auteurs présentent l’exemple du territoire du Ségala-Limargue sur lequel les acteurs économiques – entreprises puis associations – se sont mobilisés pour mettre en place, au fil des années, une gestion progressive de gestion des ressources humaines. Au travers de l’association Mode d’Emploi, du club d’entreprises et de la création d’une CUMA, les acteurs locaux se sont regroupés, organisés et tentent désormais de renforcer la triade d’acteurs. Les auteurs détaillent ainsi leur recherche d’un mode de gouvernance local permettant de répondre aux problèmes de gestion des ressources humaines sur le territoire : déficit de main-d’œuvre et de compétences prévisible dans les années à venir.




La SICASELI propose approvisionnement et services de proximité pour les agriculteurs de 5 cantons autour de Lacapelle Marival dans le Nord Est du Lot. Depuis le début des années 90, elle est interpellée par la situation de son territoire qui présente les problématiques courantes des zones rurales : désertion des métiers de l’agriculture et de l’artisanat, augmentation du prix du foncier et arrivée de nouveaux habitants aux attentes et besoins nouveaux. La viabilité de l’activité économique sur ce territoire est remise en question par la diminution des actifs et des compétences. Forte de ce constat, la coopérative en appelle à tous les acteurs pour réfléchir et apporter des réponses collectives et intersectorielles.
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Pour une gestion en bien commun du territoire du Haut-Béarn

2004



Dans cet article, l’auteur présente le territoire de l’Institution Patrimoniale du Haut-Béarn, le « pays des hommes et des ours », et rappelle les les origines, les objectifs, et les missions de cette instance : « se concerter, décider et agir ensemble, pour faire en sorte que chacun retrouve sa place, sa dignité, et que sa parole serve au bien commun pour tout le territoire ».




Au pays des hommes et des ours

Le territoire de l’Institution Patrimoniale du Haut-Béarn se situe dans le vaste ensemble pyrénéen, plus précisément dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques, autour de trois vallées d’altitude : à l’est la Vallée d’Ossau qui débouche sur l’Espagne par le col du Pourtalet, la vallée d’Aspe par le tunnel du Somport, et la vallée du Barétous qui débouche sur l’Espagne par le col de la Pierre Saint-Martin. Il est composé de 20 communes toutes signataires de la « Charte de développement durable des vallées béarnaises et de protection de l’ours ». Un territoire de 6600 habitants pour une superficie de 100000 hectares. Le Parc National, réparti sur le département des Hautes-Pyrénées (2/3) et les vallées du Haut-Béarn (1/3), couvre 15 % de ce territoire.

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La commune est une idée neuve qui s’invente tous les jours à Larrazet, en Tarn et Garonne

1999



Dans cet article, l’auteur témoigne de l’expérience et des initiatives de la commune de Larrazet qui entretiennent au quotidien et dans la durée la responsabilité et l’implication des hommes dans la vie et l’identité culturelle de cette commune du Lot et Garonne.




La commune est la cellule de base de la démocratie car elle contient le principe de responsabilité et d’implication des hommes. Chacune est une structure sociale unique, et non pas un simple territoire, car travaillée par les hommes et l’histoire. C’est la première société complète à portée de main, une parcelle d’humanité qui s’inscrit dans les têtes et dans les cœurs.

Mais la commune vit un séisme d’une telle amplitude que d’aucuns en viennent à douter de sa légitimité dans ce monde virtuel qui semble balayer toutes les altérités.

Il n’y a pas si longtemps, l’identité et l’appartenance ne faisaient qu’un. Le sentiment communautaire était le moteur de l’identité : on participait à une activité, on se sentait concerné par le simple fait d’être de Larrazet.

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