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Politiques territoriales et complémentarités des villes et campagnes

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Politiques territoriales et complémentarités des villes et campagnes

1998



Dans cet éditorial, l’auteur rappelle son souhait de voir les acteurs ruraux pleinement acteurs du développement rural et des complémentarités entre villes et campagnes. Une vision peu compatible avec l’approche urbaine de l’aménagement du territoire, qui guide l’évolution des politiques publiques.


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 6 - La spécificité rurale, Base documentaire, LACOMBE Raymond


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Notre pays a bien du mal à retrouver le sens et les bases fondamentales d’une vraie politique d’aménagement de son territoire. Après la récente loi « Pasqua » de 1995 qui avait suscité un large débat sur tout le territoire, le nouveau gouvernement veut aussi sa loi sur « le développement durable du territoire ».

L’axe central des propos de Madame Voynet dans les premiers textes en préparation met l’urbain, la ville, au centre, comme moteur de la gestion du territoire. « C’est par la ville qu’on féconde les espaces ruraux ». Cette orientation de départ doit être revue sur le fond. Les grandes agglomérations sont en panne, les difficultés et les tensions s’y accumulent. Elles ne sont plus forcément la modernité d’hier mais plutôt le repoussoir pour beaucoup. Les grandes villes implosent sous les coups d’une surconcentration anarchique. Certains espaces ruraux souffrent d’anémie, les villes d’obésité. Combien de temps une tête qui ne cesse d’enfler peut-elle survivre à un corps atrophié ? Il faut donc corriger ce qui devient insupportable. Il faut revenir à l’essentiel, aux fondements. Comment réanimer, se réapproprier, irriguer l’ensemble du sol national ? Comment créer les conditions d’une répartition harmonieuse des hommes et des activités sur tout notre territoire ?

Une de nos chances françaises, c’est bien nos espaces, encore ouverts, entretenus et équipés par nos paysans, nos ruraux et nos élus locaux. Ils n’ont pas vocation à devenir des réserves naturelles ! Le débat véritable à ouvrir n’est pas de raisonner à partir de la ville ou de la campagne, d’opposer l’une à l’autre, mais au contraire de mettre en réseau les complémentarités, les richesses qui peuvent fleurir, dans une harmonie nouvelle du rural à la ville, de la ville à la campagne. Comment tous nos terroirs peuvent-ils se féconder, s’enrichir les uns les autres par des rapports fructueux entre ruraux et urbains ?

Pour cela l’engagement des populations locales et le respect de leur champ de responsabilité sont essentiels. Par le développement local territorial on multiplie les initiatives, on responsabilise les bonnes volontés, on dynamise la création d’activités et d’entreprises diverses. Cette démarche ascendante est essentielle ; elle doit être relayée et confortée par une volonté nationale et européenne des pouvoirs publics et des organisations nationales multiples pour favoriser et améliorer ce redéploiement sur l’ensemble du territoire. Pas de développement local durable sans volonté nationale et européenne qui organise les solidarités, donne un sens à cette prise de conscience commune entre « les gens d’en bas » et « les gens d’en haut ». C’est bien cela la démocratie : favoriser et encourager ce jeu complexe d’acteurs qui joignent leurs efforts pour permettre le bien commun général.

Ce numéro de notre lettre vous présente une expérience de terrain qui témoigne, sur un thème d’actualité, l’emploi, de la puissance créative des acteurs locaux dès lors qu’ils se retrouvent et élaborent par eux-mêmes des solutions à leurs problèmes communs.

Nos assises nationales du 24 septembre prochain, annoncées aussi par ces feuilles, permettront une confrontation sur ces thèmes. Plus que jamais la nécessité d’une mobilisation générale pour se réapproprier tout notre territoire s’impose à tous. Ne partons pas dans une mauvaise direction.

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, ,

Le projet socio-politique du développement durable

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Le projet socio-politique du développement durable

2001



Après un bref retour sur l’apparition de la notion de développement durable, symptôme de l’émergence de la complexité du vivant, l’auteur propose quatre leviers pour considérer la gestion du vivant en bonne santé : une exigence de qualité totale, des modalités de prise en charge revisitées, le besoin de piloter la qualité, la nécessité de sécuriser les acteurs dans la prise d’initiative. En conclusion, le développement durable est un choix politique de société.


11 - Sur la prise en charge des équilibres naturels, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, OLLAGNON Henry


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Je me souviens d’un […] philosophe [qui] nous disait qu’il y a des faits prospectifs, des signaux faibles que certains savent voir. A propos des signaux faibles, Chardin a écrit à son ami Huxley […] « je suis aussi pessimiste que vous pour 4 raisons » :

  • D’abord parce que pour maîtriser le vivant et l’homme, il faut agir sur toute l’humanité, or l’humanité est en train de devenir une. Nous sommes en 1951, et je me demande comment quelqu’un pourra prendre le pouvoir sur cette entité qui est en train de se construire.

  • Le deuxième point, je crois que vous faites erreur, ce ne sont pas les caractères exceptionnels qui poseront problème demain, ce sera la prise en charge des constantes de la base du vivant. Donc, ce n’est pas l’exceptionnel, c’est le quotidien qui va poser problème.

  • Ensuite troisième point, un système dans lequel il n’y a plus d’individus […] engendre cette société hautement complexe où chaque acteur va se trouver confronté aux conséquences de ces choix qui seront sans commune mesure avec les causes initiales. Cela veut dire que dans cette société hautement complexe, un acteur, un individu peut générer des phénomènes extraordinairement importants, des impacts non prévisibles. Je crois qu’il n’y a pas besoin de faire de dessin !

  • Et enfin, dernier point, la vision que nous avons de ce qui est important c’est le struggle for life de Darwin, soit c’est le plus fort qui gagne ! Dans cette société hautement complexe, ce sera le plus apte à l’action complexe qui gagnera !

C’est ce qui m’a inspiré dans mon chemin et c’est pour cela que j’ai fait de la biologie. Quand j’ai fait de la biologie, j’ai vu que personne ne posait de questions politiques, alors j’ai fait des sciences politiques et de l’économie et là personne ne se posait de questions du vivant. C’est donc par accident que je me suis retrouvé au Ministère de l’Agriculture pour traiter un problème qui m’était strictement personnel : la gestion du vivant en bonne santé. Beaucoup s’occupent du vivant malade et personne du vivant en bonne santé et encore plus au niveau de l’humanité ! J’ai progressivement été amené à voir qu’un énorme problème se posait, et c’est de cette question dont je vais vous parler. Je vais vous en parler autour de la notion de développement durable.

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,

Y a t-il déménagement du territoire ?

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Y a t-il déménagement du territoire ?

2001



En questionnant les dynamiques d’aménagement et de développement territorial en France, l’auteur décrit des processus territoriaux en cours – le vieillissement démographique, l’évolution de l’accroissement naturel, l’héliotropisme, la concentration, la différenciation, etc. – pour identifier un ensemble de « maladies territoriales » touchant à l’urbanisation, aux services publics, à la décentralisation, au lien ville-campagne, aux inégalités de communication, etc. In fine, l’enjeu est de réactualiser la vision du territoire, non comme une contrainte, mais une ressource voire une chance pour résoudre ces problèmes.


2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, DUMONT Gérard-François


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C’est un grand plaisir pour moi de pouvoir aujourd’hui synthétiser cette problématique de l’aménagement-déménagement du territoire. […] Pour commencer cette intervention, je dirai que cette problématique s’est confortée dans mes neurones dans les années 1990. […] Comme la France aime être inventive, surtout dans la terminologie, un grand tournant s’est opéré dans les années 90, lorsque la terminologie aménagement du territoire a été remplacée par la terminologie aménagement et développement du territoire.

On avait vraiment l’impression que quelque chose de nouveau était en train de se passer […]. Au fur et à mesure de nos évolutions territoriales, je me suis demandé si, en définitif, ce changement de terminologie […] n’avait pas une sorte d’image subliminale où le « D » ne signifiait plus développement mais déménagement. Voilà la question que je me suis posée et c’est à cette question que je vais essayer de répondre.

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, , , , , , ,

Place de l’agriculture, entre nature et culture

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Place de l’agriculture, entre nature et culture

2011



Dans cet article, l’auteur analyse le glissement progressif des gestionnaires des espaces protégés d’une conception de la préservation de la nature à une vision nouvelle, « la co-gestion de la biodiversité », pour en détailler ensuite les conséquences pour les milieux et les relations entre les hommes. Ce changement sémantique suffira-t-il néanmoins à rétablir la confiance entre « gens du lieu » et « protecteurs » ?


11 - Sur la prise en charge des équilibres naturels, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, Base documentaire, LARRERE Raphaël, biodiversité, gestion de la nature, gestionnaires de la nature, lien de l’homme au vivant, préservation de l’environnement


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La protection de la nature a été – et est encore – une source de conflits opposant d’un côté, ceux qui entendent préserver des espèces, des milieux et des paysages, et de l’autre, ceux qui mettent l’espace rural en valeur. Opposition également entre les « gens du lieu » et ces « gens d’ailleurs » qui sont ceux qui entendent protéger la nature. Or, ceux qui entendent la promouvoir ne sont pas toujours d’accord sur ce qu’il conviendrait de faire, et les « gens du lieu » ne sont pas tous hostiles à toutes les mesures prises en faveur de la nature, loin de là.

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, ,

Le regard d’un économiste sur le rural aujourd’hui

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Le regard d’un économiste sur le rural aujourd’hui

2014



Dans cette interview, Francis AUBERT souligne les différents regards portés sur la ruralité à travers l’Europe. Il propose quelques grilles de lecture pour mieux comprendre les avantages économiques qui distinguent les espaces urbains des territoires ruraux.


2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, AUBERT Francis, Base documentaire


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Comment appréhender la notion du rural aujourd’hui ?

Dans le travail de la DATAR (maintenant Commissariat Général à l’Egalité des Territoires), les territoires ruraux retrouvent une place notamment avec des dispositifs comme l’Observatoire des territoires. Il s’agit désormais de mettre à contribution des instances comme l’Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) pour redéfinir et caractériser le rural en France. La question de la définition est difficile car les contours du rural et de l’urbain sont très flous, leur délimitation repose sur un arbitrage conventionnel. Pourtant, l’exercice paraît plus que jamais nécessaire, ne serait-ce que pour être en mesure de poser les enjeux de ces territoires et d’adapter ainsi les politiques publiques.

Avant de rentrer dans les approches spécifiques à l’économie, dans la littérature générale, il me semble qu’il existe deux façons d’appréhender la notion de ruralité.

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