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Expliciter un jeu à somme positive : l’exemple de l’orange

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Expliciter un jeu à somme positive : l’exemple de l’orange

1996



Sur une table : une orange et un couteau. Autour de la table : Sophie et Marie.
Comment partager l’orange pour obtenir un jeu à somme positive ?


2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, OLLAGNON Henry


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Sur une table : une orange et un couteau. Autour de la table : Sophie et Marie.

Comment partager l’orange pour obtenir un jeu à somme positive ?

1 « Couper l’orange en deux et en donner une moitié à Sophie et l’autre moitié à Marie. » C’est un jeu à somme nulle.

2 « Il vaut mieux retirer le couteau pour ne pas qu’elles se disputent. » Ce serait un jeu à somme négative.

3 « Les écouter attentivement et de manière confidentielle : Sophie veut le zeste pour faire un gâteau et Marie veut la pulpe pour boire un jus. » C’est l’explicitation d’un jeu à somme positive.

(1) Exemple tiré de Comment réussir une négociation?, de Fisher, Uri et Patton (éditions du Seuil, 1981)

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, ,

La goutte d’eau, l’ours et le milieu rural

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La goutte d’eau, l’ours et le milieu rural

1996



Comment faire se rencontrer plusieurs représentations d’une même situation ? Comment faire que la recherche de liberté de l’homme et la qualité de la nature se renforcent ? Comment impliquer les hommes face de réalités en mouvement et en interaction ? Comment susciter le changement de comportement d’un ensemble d’acteurs ? Dans cet article, l’auteur retrace les principaux constats et questionnements qui l’ont conduit à formaliser l’approche patrimoniale.


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, OLLAGNON Henry


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S’agissant de la même nappe phréatique, une première constatation assez curieuse…

Pour certains, les « économistes », une goutte d’eau est une ressource économique. Leur langage n’est qu’économique. Pour d’autres, les écologistes, c’est un milieu de vie. Ils proposent un discours écologique. Pour d’autres encore, les « technico-administratifs », c’est à la fois une ressource économique et un milieu de vie, mais en tout cas, c’est toujours un objet de gestion publique. Il faut donc lui appliquer des règles publiques dans le cadre d’une approche administrative.

Pourtant, c’est la même goutte d’eau ! L’eau pose un problème tout simple : elle a une multitude de dimensions. Une multitude de personnes sont en relation avec elle. Mais leurs différents regards sur l’eau ne se rencontrent pas, ne s’enrichissent nulle part et, pire, ils se désorganisent les uns les autres.

Un de nos gros problèmes aujourd’hui, c’est d’admettre que le mot « eau » a un contenu sémantique très divers selon les acteurs, mais que c’est de la même eau dont il s’agit.

Deuxième fait assez bizarre.

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,

Le bien commun

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Le bien commun

1998



Dans cet encart, l’auteur dessine à grands traits sa conception du bien commun… et de sa gestion.


2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, MOLLARD Michel


Télécharger

Au delà des actions liées à la propriété publique et privée, le maintien ou l’amélioration de la qualité de nombreux systèmes complexes et multi-acteurs requiert des actions mettant en jeu les relations des acteurs entre eux. Si les acteurs s’engagent volontairement pour organiser et gérer ces relations en vue de résoudre les problèmes de qualité, il y a alors prise en charge de ces problèmes qui deviennent « bien commun » ou « patrimoine commun ».

La gestion en bien commun apparaît souvent comme une condition déterminante de la qualité des systèmes complexes. Elle repose sur 1’échange, la communication et la négociation. Elle peut être spontanée lorsque la qualité à gérer est la survie du groupe.

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, , ,

La démarche patrimoniale

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La démarche patrimoniale

2006



Dans cet article, les auteurs synthétisent les grandes lignes de la démarche patrimoniale. Centrée sur la gestion du vivant donc la gestion de la complexité, la démarche patrimoniale permet de faire évoluer le comportement d’un ensemble d’acteurs en interaction face à un problème. En illustrant la définition de la « gestion de la qualité du vivant » avec la gestion d’une rivière, les auteurs distinguent les limites des approches universalistes actuelles et propose d’engager une autre voie, celle de l’approche patrimoniale pour accompagner les acteurs vers une meilleure de la gestion du vivant.


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, OLLAGNON Henry, PUPIN Vincent


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La gestion du vivant, un enjeu majeur pour notre société

Tout au long de son parcours personnel et professionnel, Henry Ollagnon s’est intéressé à la question de la gestion du vivant par les hommes à travers de nombreux sujets : la gestion des espèces, des ressources et des milieux naturels, la gestion des territoires, la gestion des crises, l’ingénierie des projets complexes, l’adaptation stratégique des gestionnaires du vivant au développement durable. Pour lui, le vivant émerge aujourd’hui comme un révélateur d’une crise profonde de nos sociétés, basée sur une conception de la modernité qui exclue tout ce qui est complexe, circulant, évolutif pour le réduire à du mesurable, causal, stable. Cette crise du vivant se manifeste, pour de nombreux acteurs publics et privés, par des problèmes nouveaux, mais suscite aussi des projets pour un renouvellement de la gestion des territoires, des produits et de la nature. Rechercher les conditions et les moyens d’une meilleure gestion de la qualité du vivant n’est pas seulement, se confronter à des problèmes ou monter des projets, c’est aussi entreprendre un chemin original pour la connaissance et l’action en univers complexe. Henry Ollagnon a ainsi exposé les concepts et les méthodes d’une « gestion patrimoniale de la qualité du vivant ».

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, , ,

Œconomie et territoire, deux retours aux sources pour nous projeter dans le 21e siècle

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Œconomie et territoire, deux retours aux sources pour nous projeter dans le 21e siècle

2009



Dans cet article, l’auteur nous invite à revenir aux sources de « l’économie », c’est à dire à l’oeconomie comme l’art de penser les relations entre les choses et entre les hommes. Pour l’auteur, ce retour à l’oeconomie est évidemment complémentaire d’un retour au territoire, échelle d’organisation du développement économie et social, mais aussi et probablement surtout parce que l’économie réelle repose sur la confiance, dont le territoire est l’un des îlots.


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, Base documentaire, CALAME Pierre


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Jusqu’au milieu du 18e siècle ce n’est pas le mot économie qui était utilisé pour désigner ce que l’on entend aujourd’hui par ce terme, l’organisation collective du système de production et d’échange qui lie les hommes et femmes entre eux et nous relie à la planète. C’était le mot œconomie.

Comme le dit fort bien le fameux botaniste Karl Von Linné (1707-1778) dans son livre intitulé Principes de l’œconomie, publié en 1752, l’œconomie, c’est « l’art de préparer des choses naturelles à notre usage, l’art de tirer parti de tous les biens de la nature ». Les « lois de l’œconomie » auxquelles il fait allusion dans son livre ne sont pas ce que nous entendons aujourd’hui sous ce terme et ce qui est enseigné sur les bancs de l’université : le fonctionnement des marchés, la substitution du capital au travail ou encore de la théorie de la monnaie. Dans un monde encore largement dominé par la production agricole, l’œconomie est l’art de tirer parti de la nature ou, comme on le disait à l’époque, l’art d’être « ménager de la nature ». Notre connaissance des lois physiques ou, comme on dirait maintenant, des écosystèmes, est le moyen pour chaque peuple de tirer parti au mieux des ressources propres à chaque contexte et à chaque pays. Plus d’un siècle plus tôt, le Français Antoine de Montchrestien (1575-1621) avait écrit en 1615 un Traité de l’œconomie politique, défini comme « l’art de gérer et les hommes et les choses ». Il parle même de « mesnagerie publique » d’où va dériver aussi bien l’expression « économie ménagère » que le terme moderne de management. L’œconomie est alors l’art de penser les relations entre les choses, les relations entre les hommes.

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« Projet de territoire » : définition de termes

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« Projet de territoire » : définition de termes

2002



Dans cet encart, l’auteur éclaire la distinction entre trois expressions courantes pour évoquer le territoire : projet de territoire, territoire de projets, territoire de programmation.


2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, CASPAR René


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Le projet de territoire est la manière actuelle (loi Voynet) de présenter la nécessité d’une réflexion stratégique cadrant et dynamisant les projets professionnels.

Ces projets s’exercent sur des territoires (territoire de projets) qui ne coïncident pas avec ce projet de territoire, d’où l’idée de « géométrie variable » car la vie économique ne coïncide ni avec la dimension sociologique, ni avec la dimension administrative.

La programmation introduit une complication supplémentaire en générant des cloisonnements administratifs, sectoriels, financiers (territoire de programmation).

Ainsi, un dossier de développement des Pyrénées Atlantiques concernera un projet de territoire (par exemple La Soûle) mais aussi un territoire de projet interdépartemental et transvalléen (les Pyrénées Centrales) et des clivages liés à la programmation sectorielle (par exemple l’agriculture), à l’aspect administratif (par exemple le canton) et à la ligne budgétaire (tel type de crédit).

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, , ,

Le développement territorial : petite ou grande histoire ?

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Le développement territorial : petite ou grande histoire ?

2002



Dans cet article, l’auteur revient sur l’émergence et l’affirmation du concept de développement territorial depuis le milieu du XXème siècle. De l’aménagement du territoire, au développement territorial en passant par l’action locale, il souligne les acquis successifs qui permettent de mieux préciser les enjeux et les défis à relever en ce début de XXIème siècle.


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 4 - Le territoire comme objet… d’aménagement, de politique, de financement, de recherche, Base documentaire, CASPAR René


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Aménagement et développement local, une histoire dominée par les changements structurels de la France et de l’Europe.

Première partie : De la reconstruction à l’écroulement de l’économie traditionnelle

Cette phase peut se scinder en trois périodes. De 1947 à 1968, […] le développement territorial n’existe pas, le rural hors agricole est l’espace restant et l’agriculture devient le pilier des exportations. De 1968 à 1975, […] émerge une forte résistance du monde rural et une montée des problèmes des problèmes urbains (chômage, choc pétrolier, contrat de pays, conservatoire du littoral). De 1975 à 1981, […] la montée des terroirs apparait sous cet aspect autant comme un refuge que comme une véritable alternative.

Deuxième partie: Les territoires à l’épreuve des problèmes économiques (de 1981 à 2000).

De 1981 à 1987, […] le projet de territoire s’efface derrière les territoires de projet et le local doit gérer socialement la déprise économique et humaine. De 987 à 1995, […] le « local » se cherche avec l’atténuation du clivage urbain/rural. De 1995 à aujourd’hui, […] le pays devient un échelon reconnu de concertation et d’émergence confronté à l’organisation d’un pouvoir intercommunal naissant.

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, ,

L’audit patrimonial

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L’audit patrimonial

1996



Présentation succincte de la démarche d’audit patrimonial


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, LACOMBE Raymond


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L’audit patrimonial appliqué au développement rural est un outil qui permet une approche « clinique » de la prise en charge d’un territoire par ses habitants. La notion de patrimoine est ici prise au sens large.

L’audit patrimonial est une démarche de diagnostic et de prospective réalisée en commun par tous les acteurs concernés par un problème. En effet, il permet d’établir une communication entre toutes les personnes directement ou indirectement impliquées pour faire ensemble le diagnostic et l’expertise de la qualité de leur milieu de vie, au cours d’entretiens reposant sur une grille d’analyse comportant quatre registres :

  • Identification des problèmes : quel(s) problème(s) ? quels acteurs concernés ?

  • Diagnostic de l’action engagée : quels sont les acteurs engagés dans la résolution du problème ? quelles réponses ont jusque là été apportées ? quel bilan provisoire peut-on dresser ?

  • Prospective et enjeux : évolution des problèmes et des réponses, dans le temps et dans l’espace, établissement de trois scénarii (positif, tendanciel, négatif).

  • propositions d’Action : propositions techniques et relationnelles, chemins de changement envisageables, engagement de chacun ?

L’évaluation de l’audit patrimonial se mesure à l’engagement qu’il a suscité chez les personnes qui ont été auditées.

L’audit patrimonial réalisé en Ségala Limargue a bénéficié du concours des étudiants de l’Agro Paris-Grignon (AgroParisTech) et de Sol et Civilisation, très intéressée par la découverte et l’expérimentation de cette démarche novatrice.

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, , , ,

L’audit patrimonial, un nouvel outil au service du développement local

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L’audit patrimonial, un nouvel outil au service du développement local

1996



Dans cet article, l’auteur raconte l’histoire d’un petit terroir déshérité du Lot qui se découvre une identité positive et dont la population se reprend à croire en elle-même…


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, 6 - La spécificité rurale, Base documentaire, OLIVIER Dominique


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L’assemblée générale de l’Association Ségala Limargue (ASL) se déroule comme à son habitude. Une vingtaine d’élus sont présents, ainsi qu’une dizaine de « bonnes volontés ». Tout se passe bien : les activités se sont maintenues, les comptes sont équilibrés. Pourquoi donc l’ambiance est-elle si morose ?

L’ASL est une association de pays regroupant 41 communes et qui œuvre depuis déjà 12 ans pour le développement de son territoire. Elle mène des actions d’ordre économique, culturel et social. Elle a d’ailleurs le statut de centre social. Quelle longue route ! Que de batailles ! Que de dossiers (contrat de pays, charte intercommunale, etc.) ! Que de satisfactions aussi ! Alors pourquoi donc l’ambiance est-elle morose ?

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, ,

Sol et Civilisation, des lieux de réflexion à la fois sociologique, économique et politique

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Sol et Civilisation, des lieux de réflexion à la fois sociologique, économique et politique

1996



Dans cet éditorial, l’auteur expose les fondements qui le conduisent à proposer de faire de l’association Sol et Civilisation un espace d’interrogation, de réflexion et de débat sur les équilibres d’une société française en crise. En crise au sein du monde rural. En crise au sein du monde urbain. En crise dans la rupture du dialogue et de la connaissance entre les milieux urbains et ruraux…


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, LACOMBE Raymond


Télécharger

La société française, comme beaucoup de sociétés industrialisées, vit sous le signe d’une triple rupture : rupture interne du milieu rural avec des zones équilibrées économiquement et socialement et d’autres, nombreuses, en voie de dépérissement, rupture interne du milieu urbain matérialisée par l’éclatement entre les centres-villes et les banlieues qui deviennent souvent des ghettos d’exclusion, et rupture du dialogue et de la connaissance entre milieux ruraux et milieux urbains.

Pour redonner chance à la société française, il faut une forte volonté de rééquilibrage pour effacer ces trois ruptures et favoriser une harmonie entre tous les territoires et entre tous les hommes. Cessons de penser qu’il y a opposition entre les milieux ruraux et les milieux urbains. Chacun a sa mission. Le territoire est un tout et c’est en tant que tel que nous devons réapprendre à le gérer. Milieux ruraux et milieux urbains doivent se nourrir les uns des autres, par un dialogue constructif. Nous devons à tout prix empêcher la disparation du dialogue économique et culturel entre ces deux pans de notre territoire.

La France a la chance d’avoir, contrairement à beaucoup d’autres pays européens, un immense espace rural. Il est absurde de vouloir concentrer les activités et les hommes sur quelques super-métropoles qui coûtent des sommes colossales en infrastructures diverses, sans compter les inconvénients multiples sur le plan humain, social et culturel.

L’avenir de la société dépend de la participation de chacun et de tous à son élaboration. Chacun doit avoir sa place dans le débat. Nous devons trouver les moyens pour que l’expression des hommes, de leurs volontés refasse surface. La place de l’homme, de sa responsabilité, de son rôle social et convivial doit revenir au centre du débat.

C’est sur ces bases qu’une réflexion de fond à la fois sociologique, économique et politique est engagée au sein de l’association Sol et Civilisation depuis 4 ans. Des groupes de réflexion réunissent des personnes de différents horizons socioprofessionnels, de tous bords politiques, urbains et ruraux. Leur objectif est de redonner à l’homme sa place dans nos sociétés. Leurs propositions sont réalistes puisque passées au crible de la réalité, des expérimenterons de terrain.

Sol et Civilisation s’est également fixé comme objet d’interroger l’opinion publique, les socioprofessionnels et les décideurs politiques. Je forme le voeu que cette lettre de Sol et Civilisation dont voici le premier numéro, soit le lieu de cette interrogation, mais aussi un lieu de débat. Aussi, nous vous engageons à nous faire part de vos réactions, de vos idées, de vos expériences.

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