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La gestion des ressources humaines dans les territoires, une réflexion de longue haleine

2006



Dans cet éditorial, l’auteur reprend l’histoire, l’organisation et la conduite des réflexions du groupe de Toulouse, véritable cheminement d’une préoccupation commune pour l’entrepreneuriat en milieu rural vers l’approfondissement des conditions et moyens d’une bonne gouvernance territoriale, en particulier en matière de gestion des ressources humaines dans les territoires…




C’est autour de Raymond LACOMBE, président fondateur de Sol et Civilisation, que s’est constitué ce qu’on appelle le « groupe de Toulouse » parce que ce groupe a été accueilli à Toulouse par l’Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture de Purpan et par son directeur de l’époque, Pierre TAPIE.

Se réunissant à Toulouse à partir de 2001, le groupe de réflexion s’est donc composé pour l’essentiel de personnes travaillant en Midi-Pyrénées et se reconnaissant dans la double mouvance du développement territorial rural et de la pensée de Raymond LACOMBE, leader agricole charismatique, trop vite disparu en février 2002. C’est au demeurant celui-ci, qui a assuré avec énergie et dynamisme la véritable animation du groupe, autour d’un sujet qui lui était cher : « entreprendre en milieu rural ».

Les participants à cette réflexion étaient issus des institutions agricoles mais aussi de l’appui au développement et de la formation. Le groupe a auditionné diverses expériences de terrain et s’est progressivement forgé une logique commune exposée au cours d’un colloque qui s’est tenu à l’ESA Purpan en novembre 2001 et dont les principales conclusions ont été rapportées dans la lettre de Sol et Civilisation n°22 et au cours des assises nationales de septembre 2002.

La conclusion essentielle de ces travaux était de mettre le projecteur sur ce qui semblait le principal obstacle au fait d’entreprendre en milieu rural, à savoir le cloisonnement et les disfonctionnements entre les acteurs (entreprises, associations, élus). Le développement économique en milieu rural n’est pas seulement une question d’opportunités ou de positionnement judicieux mais également le fruit d’une bonne gouvernance territoriale.

Après une période de transition, le groupe de Toulouse s’est remis au travail. Dans la continuité des réflexions antérieures, il a semblé opportun de creuser plus particulièrement une question qui se pose aujourd’hui de manière cruciale aux acteurs ruraux, celle de la gestion des ressources humaines dans le territoire.

Pour mettre en œuvre cette réflexion, le groupe dit « de Toulouse » s’est ouvert à d’autres membres et a reconduit sa méthode : auditions d’experts et témoignages, travaux collectifs, publications. Vous trouverez dans les pages suivantes le fruit de cette première phase d’investigation : un article introductif situe l’intérêt de cette question, trois exemples en illustrent des aspects différents et un dernier article en tire les enseignements préliminaires.

A l’heure où la concurrence entre territoires est de plus en plus forte, au moment où le monde se complexifie davantage chaque jour, la richesse humaine des milieux ruraux constitue, à n’en point douter, une force de premier plan pour ces territoires s’ils souhaitent vivre et se développer. Il serait vain de croire pourtant que ce potentiel humain se maintient de lui-même. La rapidité des changements, la plasticité des évolutions font qu’il faut sans cesse s’adapter. Là encore, la réponse semble se trouver dans l’émergence d’une gouvernance adaptée associant les différents acteurs.

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La gestion du vivant : une stratégie d’avenir pour la société et l’agriculture

2005



Dans cet article, l’auteur recherche les conditions pour impliquer les agriculteurs et l’agriculture au cœur du projet de développement durable que recherche la société. En revenant sur les critères courants de développement durable, il propose d’éclairer une voie nouvelle fondée sur la prise en charge du vivant dans une approche de qualité totale. Comment les agriculteurs peuvent-ils se saisir du rôle stratégique qu’ils peuvent y jouer ?




L’agriculture est-elle une activité d’avenir en France et en Europe, comme ailleurs dans les territoires du monde ? Les agriculteurs peuvent-ils répondre seuls à cette question ? La société fait-elle le lien, à travers sa recherche de développement durable, entre la qualité du vivant qu’elle recherche et l’agriculture ?

Au carrefour de l’alimentation, de la gestion de la qualité de la nature, de l’ambiance des territoires, les agriculteurs ont potentiellement un rôle à jouer. Mais, l’agriculture est-elle ainsi reconnue comme une activité de gestion du vivant ? Cette reconnaissance va de moins en moins de soi. Il faut des promoteurs, des chemins, des actes pour que la société se dote d’une véritable gestion de la qualité du vivant, dans chaque territoire de la biosphère.

N’est-ce pas une vaste et nécessaire ambition pour les agriculteurs que de promouvoir, de façon opérationnelle, par une stratégie de la qualité totale, une agriculture durable dans les territoires du monde ?

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Pour une gestion en bien commun du territoire du Haut-Béarn

2004



Dans cet article, l’auteur présente le territoire de l’Institution Patrimoniale du Haut-Béarn, le « pays des hommes et des ours », et rappelle les les origines, les objectifs, et les missions de cette instance : « se concerter, décider et agir ensemble, pour faire en sorte que chacun retrouve sa place, sa dignité, et que sa parole serve au bien commun pour tout le territoire ».




Au pays des hommes et des ours

Le territoire de l’Institution Patrimoniale du Haut-Béarn se situe dans le vaste ensemble pyrénéen, plus précisément dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques, autour de trois vallées d’altitude : à l’est la Vallée d’Ossau qui débouche sur l’Espagne par le col du Pourtalet, la vallée d’Aspe par le tunnel du Somport, et la vallée du Barétous qui débouche sur l’Espagne par le col de la Pierre Saint-Martin. Il est composé de 20 communes toutes signataires de la « Charte de développement durable des vallées béarnaises et de protection de l’ours ». Un territoire de 6600 habitants pour une superficie de 100000 hectares. Le Parc National, réparti sur le département des Hautes-Pyrénées (2/3) et les vallées du Haut-Béarn (1/3), couvre 15 % de ce territoire.

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L’audit patrimonial, un nouvel outil au service du développement local

1996



Dans cet article, l’auteur raconte l’histoire d’un petit terroir déshérité du Lot qui se découvre une identité positive et dont la population se reprend à croire en elle-même…




L’assemblée générale de l’Association Ségala Limargue (ASL) se déroule comme à son habitude. Une vingtaine d’élus sont présents, ainsi qu’une dizaine de « bonnes volontés ». Tout se passe bien : les activités se sont maintenues, les comptes sont équilibrés. Pourquoi donc l’ambiance est-elle si morose ?

L’ASL est une association de pays regroupant 41 communes et qui œuvre depuis déjà 12 ans pour le développement de son territoire. Elle mène des actions d’ordre économique, culturel et social. Elle a d’ailleurs le statut de centre social. Quelle longue route ! Que de batailles ! Que de dossiers (contrat de pays, charte intercommunale, etc.) ! Que de satisfactions aussi ! Alors pourquoi donc l’ambiance est-elle morose ?

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La commune est une idée neuve qui s’invente tous les jours à Larrazet, en Tarn et Garonne

1999



Dans cet article, l’auteur témoigne de l’expérience et des initiatives de la commune de Larrazet qui entretiennent au quotidien et dans la durée la responsabilité et l’implication des hommes dans la vie et l’identité culturelle de cette commune du Lot et Garonne.




La commune est la cellule de base de la démocratie car elle contient le principe de responsabilité et d’implication des hommes. Chacune est une structure sociale unique, et non pas un simple territoire, car travaillée par les hommes et l’histoire. C’est la première société complète à portée de main, une parcelle d’humanité qui s’inscrit dans les têtes et dans les cœurs.

Mais la commune vit un séisme d’une telle amplitude que d’aucuns en viennent à douter de sa légitimité dans ce monde virtuel qui semble balayer toutes les altérités.

Il n’y a pas si longtemps, l’identité et l’appartenance ne faisaient qu’un. Le sentiment communautaire était le moteur de l’identité : on participait à une activité, on se sentait concerné par le simple fait d’être de Larrazet.

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Discours du Dimanche des Terres de France

1991



Dans ce discours de clôture du Dimanche des Terres de France, l’auteur expose les fondements de la vision qu’il souhaite porter à travers la promotion du développement des territoires ruraux, en particulier en créant par la suite l’association Sol et Civilisation.




Aujourd’hui toute la France rurale s’est mise en marche !

Nous avons gagné notre pari !

Artisans, commerçants, salariés, professions libérales, agriculteurs, vous avez quitté vos ateliers, vos magasins, vos fermes, vous avez répondu massivement à notre appel.

Vous êtes venus à la rencontre de la population parisienne pour lui dire que la France rurale veut vivre, que ses hommes et ses valeurs sont indispensables à l’équilibre économique et social de la France. Vous avez expliqué aux citadins que cette nature harmonieuse et accueillante dont ils ont de plus en plus besoin n’est pas un don du ciel, mais le fruit du labeur quotidien des hommes. Vous avez ébranlé les murailles du mépris et de l’indifférence qui laissent mourir nos entreprises et dépérir des zones entières de notre pays. Vous êtes venus à ce rendez-vous historique des Terres de France : grâce à vous le grain de l’espérance a pu être semé !

Le monde rural veut vivre !

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Le parc naturel régional de la Chartreuse : une machine à créer du dessein commun

2000



Dans cet article, l’auteur livre son retour d’expérience sur la création et les premières années du parc naturel régional de Chartreuse (freins et leviers identifiés, choix d’organisation, outils mis en œuvre, premiers bilans) et soulignent quelques enseignements aux acteurs qui souhaitent porter ce type d’initiative.




Un Parc naturel régional (PNR) est un territoire habité, remarquable par sa culture, son patrimoine. Il est justiciable d’une Charte qui définit le projet de développement du territoire et sa stratégie. Le PNR de Chartreuse se trouve entre Grenoble au sud, Chambéry au nord et Voiron à l’ouest : les trois portes du Parc. C’est un territoire de moyenne montagne et de vallées où vivent 35000 personnes.

En Chartreuse, l’idée du Parc n’est pas née de la réflexion des élus, des responsables ou des acteurs du territoire. Au cours d’une réunion électorale des législatives de 1988, à la question « que faire de la Chartreuse ? », la réponse suivante a été apportée : « pourquoi pas un Parc ? ». […] Aujourd’hui, le Parc représente la Chartreuse. C’est une entité qui rassemble des gens qui ne se connaissaient pas du fait même de la géographie très accidentée du territoire. Pierre Baffert est persuadé que la stratégie choisie était la bonne. En effet, voilà 30 ans qu’il est élu, dont 18 ans en tant que maire. Il déplore souvent que la bulle des élus et la bulle des acteurs ne soient hermétiques. Pour lui, les politiques doivent se placer en facilitateurs des projets des acteurs qui ont un rôle énorme à jouer. « La vie est complexe. Il faut faire tourner la complexité » conclut-il.

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Le libéralisme exacerbé actuel est-il compatible avec la vie des territoires ?

1997



Dans cet article, l’auteur rappelle les traits essentiels de la mutation de la société suscitée par la mondialisation et le progrès technique, afin d’éclairer trois options de société pour le futur. Il souligne ensuite quelques problèmes principaux à dépasser pour que libéralisme et vie des territoires se renforcent : relier le marché et les institutions, favoriser la construction européenne, revisiter le développement durable. D’où la possibilité d’appréhender le territoire avec un regard nouveau, c’est à dire comme un lieu de réconciliation, d’enracinement, de relation, d’équilibre et donc de vie.




Des Trente Glorieuses à la période dite de crise qui a suivi, les thèmes et les tendances sont restés les mêmes. Le thème de « Paris et le désert français » a perduré. Les tendances comme les migrations de la campagne vers la ville ou le vieillissement de la population rurale se sont maintenues. Les politiques d’aménagement du territoire étaient largement influencées par la fascination des grands réseaux de circulation des biens et des personnes et par l’objectif de la compétitivité.

Il est très difficile de discerner ce qui est immuable de ce qui est changeant dans la société. Mais ma conviction est que nous affrontons une grande mutation dont je rappellerai les traits essentiels pour présenter quelques options pour le futur. Enfin, puisqu’une transition doit s’opérer, j’aborderai la question suivante : dans quelle mesure l’intelligence et la puissance de l’homme, les intelligences collectives d’une nation ou d’un groupe de nations, peuvent-elles infléchir un modèle en train de se créer ?

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De la gestion de la vallée de l’Ardèche

1996



Synthèse de l’intervention de Bruno ACH lors du colloque du 12 juin 1996 organisé par Sol et Civilisation au Puy en Velay sur le thème : « Le vivant, la qualité, les territoires : quelle stratégie pour les acteurs d’aujourd’hui ? ».


Dans cet article, l’auteur présente les premiers résultats d’une démarche initiée dans la vallée de l’Ardèche afin de mobiliser les acteurs autour des enjeux de la gestion de l’eau.




En 1995, le Syndicat Intercommunal de la Vallée de l’Ardèche était confronté à une triple crise : crise de reconnaissance des résultats obtenus (la qualité de l’eau s’était bien améliorée mais à un coût très élevé), peu ou pas de rencontres avec les administrations et les associations, absence de vision stratégique, le contrat de rivière arrivant à échéance.

Deux préoccupations nous tenaillaient : comment passer d’une gestion de la rivière à une gestion de bassin ? Comment associer à la démarche les « non-élus » concernés par la gestion de l’eau et notamment les propriétaires riverains (agriculteurs ou industriels), les usagers de la rivière (professionnels du tourisme et des loisirs d’eau vive), les diverses associations à vocation culturelle et de protection de la nature ?

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Place de l’agriculture, entre nature et culture

2011



Dans cet article, l’auteur analyse le glissement progressif des gestionnaires des espaces protégés d’une conception de la préservation de la nature à une vision nouvelle, « la co-gestion de la biodiversité », pour en détailler ensuite les conséquences pour les milieux et les relations entre les hommes. Ce changement sémantique suffira-t-il néanmoins à rétablir la confiance entre « gens du lieu » et « protecteurs » ?




La protection de la nature a été – et est encore – une source de conflits opposant d’un côté, ceux qui entendent préserver des espèces, des milieux et des paysages, et de l’autre, ceux qui mettent l’espace rural en valeur. Opposition également entre les « gens du lieu » et ces « gens d’ailleurs » qui sont ceux qui entendent protéger la nature. Or, ceux qui entendent la promouvoir ne sont pas toujours d’accord sur ce qu’il conviendrait de faire, et les « gens du lieu » ne sont pas tous hostiles à toutes les mesures prises en faveur de la nature, loin de là.

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