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La gestion des ressources humaines dans les territoires, une réflexion de longue haleine

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La gestion des ressources humaines dans les territoires, une réflexion de longue haleine

2006



Dans cet éditorial, l’auteur reprend l’histoire, l’organisation et la conduite des réflexions du groupe de Toulouse, véritable cheminement d’une préoccupation commune pour l’entrepreneuriat en milieu rural vers l’approfondissement des conditions et moyens d’une bonne gouvernance territoriale, en particulier en matière de gestion des ressources humaines dans les territoires…


3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, Base documentaire, CASPAR René


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C’est autour de Raymond LACOMBE, président fondateur de Sol et Civilisation, que s’est constitué ce qu’on appelle le « groupe de Toulouse » parce que ce groupe a été accueilli à Toulouse par l’Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture de Purpan et par son directeur de l’époque, Pierre TAPIE.

Se réunissant à Toulouse à partir de 2001, le groupe de réflexion s’est donc composé pour l’essentiel de personnes travaillant en Midi-Pyrénées et se reconnaissant dans la double mouvance du développement territorial rural et de la pensée de Raymond LACOMBE, leader agricole charismatique, trop vite disparu en février 2002. C’est au demeurant celui-ci, qui a assuré avec énergie et dynamisme la véritable animation du groupe, autour d’un sujet qui lui était cher : « entreprendre en milieu rural ».

Les participants à cette réflexion étaient issus des institutions agricoles mais aussi de l’appui au développement et de la formation. Le groupe a auditionné diverses expériences de terrain et s’est progressivement forgé une logique commune exposée au cours d’un colloque qui s’est tenu à l’ESA Purpan en novembre 2001 et dont les principales conclusions ont été rapportées dans la lettre de Sol et Civilisation n°22 et au cours des assises nationales de septembre 2002.

La conclusion essentielle de ces travaux était de mettre le projecteur sur ce qui semblait le principal obstacle au fait d’entreprendre en milieu rural, à savoir le cloisonnement et les disfonctionnements entre les acteurs (entreprises, associations, élus). Le développement économique en milieu rural n’est pas seulement une question d’opportunités ou de positionnement judicieux mais également le fruit d’une bonne gouvernance territoriale.

Après une période de transition, le groupe de Toulouse s’est remis au travail. Dans la continuité des réflexions antérieures, il a semblé opportun de creuser plus particulièrement une question qui se pose aujourd’hui de manière cruciale aux acteurs ruraux, celle de la gestion des ressources humaines dans le territoire.

Pour mettre en œuvre cette réflexion, le groupe dit « de Toulouse » s’est ouvert à d’autres membres et a reconduit sa méthode : auditions d’experts et témoignages, travaux collectifs, publications. Vous trouverez dans les pages suivantes le fruit de cette première phase d’investigation : un article introductif situe l’intérêt de cette question, trois exemples en illustrent des aspects différents et un dernier article en tire les enseignements préliminaires.

A l’heure où la concurrence entre territoires est de plus en plus forte, au moment où le monde se complexifie davantage chaque jour, la richesse humaine des milieux ruraux constitue, à n’en point douter, une force de premier plan pour ces territoires s’ils souhaitent vivre et se développer. Il serait vain de croire pourtant que ce potentiel humain se maintient de lui-même. La rapidité des changements, la plasticité des évolutions font qu’il faut sans cesse s’adapter. Là encore, la réponse semble se trouver dans l’émergence d’une gouvernance adaptée associant les différents acteurs.

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,

Les entreprises face aux mutations

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Les entreprises face aux mutations

2003



Dans cet article qui reprend son intervention aux Assises sur l’entrepreneuriat en milieu rural, l’auteur détaille trois principes essentiels à ses yeux pour la compétitivité des entreprises, dans un monde ouvert et changeant : le principe de contingence, celui de changement et enfin le principe de reconnaissance mutuelle.


9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, Base documentaire, GODET Michel


Télécharger

Front extérieur, front intérieur : même combat !

Quelles que soient les incertitudes de l’avenir, les entreprises seront confrontées aux mêmes tendances et devront faire face aux mêmes ruptures. C’est donc bien, comme toujours, les structures, les comportements et la qualité des hommes qui feront la différence entre les gagnants et les perdants. C’est aussi la raison pour laquelle il y a des entreprises performantes dans des secteurs dits en déclin et d’autres en perte dans des secteurs dits porteurs. Ainsi, lorsqu’une entreprise est en difficulté, il ne sert à rien de chercher un bouc émissaire dans la technologie ou dans la concurrence déloyale, ni de la subventionner. Tout s’explique le plus souvent par un défaut de qualité du management incapable d’anticiper, d’innover et de motiver les hommes.

Pourquoi et comment anticiper ? Quelles sont les conséquences stratégiques des mutations de l’environnement ? Comment relever le défi de la motivation des hommes ? Et finalement quel est l’avenir du management ? Les réponses à ces questions ne sont pas dissociables car la motivation interne et la stratégie externe se fécondent mutuellement. […]

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, ,

Comment aider les grandes organisations à anticiper le changement ?

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Comment aider les grandes organisations à anticiper le changement ?

2000



Dans cet article, l’auteur développe les concepts de cartes mentales et d’organisation apprenante, déduits de l’observation des conditions du changement dans les grandes organisations, et propose d’imaginer un scénario où cette approche de dénominateur maximum commun permettrait non pas de planifier une nouvelle agriculture, mais de dessiner une multitude de petits chemins de changement.


10 - Zoom sur les questions de développement agricole, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, Base documentaire, DE VRIES Joop


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Pour diriger une entreprise, il faut certes avoir une bonne pratique managériale, un bon positionnement stratégique dans la compétition et donc être en phase avec son environnement externe. Pour cela, il devient crucial d’intégrer l’individu à la stratégie. En effet, l’entreprise doit prendre en compte ce que veut le consommateur, appréhender des données nouvelles dues à l’augmentation et à la transformation des marchés (Internet…). Par ailleurs, la gestion du personnel de l’entreprise évolue ; le profil des personnes recrutées change, les façons de communiquer avec elles également. A ces changements, s’ajoute l’évolution de l’environnement de l’entreprise ; de nouvelles règles voient le jour. […]

Pour appréhender ces divers changements, le manager ne peut pas se contenter du niveau superficiel, de ce que produisent les journaux. Il doit aller au-delà, pour comprendre d’une part les motivations, les aspirations, les peurs, les valeurs des gens et d’autre part les grandes tendances, paradigmes. […] Si on appliquait cette méthode à l’agriculture, il est probable qu’aucun grand plan n’en sortirait. Par contre, une multitude de petites idées acceptées par tous émergeraient.

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La subsidiarité est-elle possible dans la grande distribution ?

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La subsidiarité est-elle possible dans la grande distribution ?

2000



Dans cet article, l’auteur soutient que la grande subsidiarité peut être un espace où s’exerce la subsidiarité. Il développe cette analyse en présentant le groupement des Mousquetaires : sa structuration, sa philosophie et ses modalités de fonctionnement, en tant que tissu de petites entreprises mais aussi en tant qu’ensemble d’individus qui s’engagent à prendre une partie de l’entreprise commune, chacun à leur niveau. Dans un second temps, l’auteur illustre l’action spécifique conduite en milieu rural, à travers des exemples concrets.


9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, Base documentaire, GOURGEON Pierre


Télécharger

Le mot « ensemble » caractérise bien les membres du groupement des Mousquetaires, dont je suis. Que l’on soit Intermarché, Bricomarché, Ecomarché ou Vêtimarché, nous sommes tous propriétaires de nos propres entreprises dirigées vers les consommateurs. Le groupement des Mousquetaires est un tissu de petites entreprises, beaucoup de Bricomarché ont moins de 10 salariés. Nous sommes très attachés à notre indépendance. […] Nous sommes convaincus que, pour rester indépendants, il faut regrouper nos forces pour gérer l’approvisionnement ou les services comme la logistique, l’informatique, les moyens publicitaires, la formation du personnel, les assurances. Pour s’approvisionner aux meilleures conditions en qualité et en prix, auprès d’entreprises ou de coopératives, nous avons créé nos filières communes.

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, ,

La subsidiarité est un atout pour la gestion des territoires

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La subsidiarité est un atout pour la gestion des territoires

2000



Dans cet article, l’auteur revient sur l’organisation de son territoire en intercommunalité. Avant d’être une question d’organisation, il s’agit avant tout de faire émerger un projet de territoire qui permette d’agir ensemble et de répondre à de nouveaux enjeux (tourisme, gestion des déchets) pour maintenir in fine le développement économique et la vitalité des communes tout en préservant une forte capacité de décision et d’action des élus locaux.


5 - Le territoire et ses acteurs, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, Base documentaire, DE CAFFARELLI Gérard


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Nous avons créé la communauté de communes de Thiérache du centre en décembre 1992 pour essayer de lutter contre le dépérissement, en profitant de la loi du 6 février 1992 dans ce qu’elle avait de positif. Si elle a été parmi les premières créées en France c’est que nous étions dans un milieu rural homogène. Cela a indéniablement facilité les choses.

Les 68 communes ont transféré à la communauté de communes les deux compétences obligatoires (aménagement de l’espace et développement économique), la compétence études d’assainissement et la compétence environnement. Il était évident que ces 68 communes ne pouvaient pas, en restant isolées, répondre aux demandes de plus en plus pressentes de la population. Au début, certains maires ont eu peur d’être avalés par la communauté de communes. J’étais convaincu que si nous ne faisions rien, nos communes disparaîtraient et que la communauté de communes était une chance à saisir dans la mesure où, ensemble, nous pourrions probablement réaliser un certain nombre d’actions pour lutter contre le dépérissement. Notre objectif était et est toujours d’organiser une véritable coopération entre les communes, pour améliorer la qualité de la vie de la population, dans le cadre d’un projet de territoire. Il ne s’agit en aucun cas d’en faire une « super commune ». Nous avons donc pensé et créé la communauté de communes dans l’esprit suivant : nous conservons au niveau des communes nos compétences et nous transférons uniquement à ce niveau supplémentaire celles que nous ne pouvons pas assumer au mieux de l’intérêt des habitants ; niveau supplémentaire dans lequel nous intervenons activement.

Le projet de territoire est à la base du travail réalisé en commun.

Sa préparation a été l’occasion d’une réflexion pour définir des objectifs à partir des besoins des hommes sur le territoire. De nombreuses réunions ont été organisées par commune et par activité économique : avec les commerçants, les artisans, les agriculteurs. Nous avons ainsi établi une liste de tout ce qu’il y avait à faire pour l’habitat, la mise en place de zones d’activités économiques, la gestion des ruines dans certaines communes, les façades en mauvais état, l’entretien des chemins ruraux, etc.

La communauté de communes est un établissement public à fiscalité propre. Cette latitude financière permet de mener à bien un certain nombre de projets. Par ailleurs, nous bénéficions d’un soutien de la région qui finance des postes de chargés de mission de communautés de communes, ce qui soulage les contribuables.

C’est un bureau de 32 délégués, 8 par canton, qui organise et gère la communauté de communes. Les conseillers généraux en sont automatiquement membres. Un bureau de 32 membres n’est pas très facile à manier mais il garantit la représentation de toutes les communes. Les délégués communaux à la communauté de communes sont au nombre de 132, 1 pour 300 habitants.

La communauté de communes remplit son office. Mais, nous avons vite réalisé qu’avec 29 000 habitants, nous ne pouvions pas gérer certaines actions. Par exemple, l’Oise traverse la communauté de Thiérache du centre, mais également d’autres communautés. Il était évident que nous devions agir ensemble pour engager des actions touristiques autour de cette rivière, comme la construction d’embarcadères pour le canoë kayak. Même constat pour organiser un circuit touristique des 67 églises fortifiées, actuellement en cours de réalisation, et attirer les Lillois, les Hollandais. Or, nous avions l’expérience d’un syndicat mixte de Thiérache créé en 1972. Nous avions donc pris l’habitude de travailler ensemble.

Les communautés de communes se mettant en place, après bien des discussions, nous avons considéré qu’il fallait fédérer les communautés de communes de toute la zone pour faire ensemble, dans le cadre du syndicat mixte, ce que chacune ne pouvait faire seule ou indépendamment des autres. Depuis, le pays de Thiérache a été constitué et récemment officialisé par un arrêté préfectoral. Concrètement le pays est la fédération des 5 communautés de communes qui le constituent. Nous ne voulions pas disposer d’une structure administrative supplémentaire (il est évident que nous en avons suffisamment) mais bien répondre aux besoins de ceux qui habitent ce pays, qui partagent un certain état d’esprit. Ce pays a indiscutablement une identité. Ainsi, il s’est avéré que les projets de territoire des communautés de communes concernées étaient très cohérents les uns avec les autres. Ils avaient les mêmes objectifs.

Un exemple : nous avions mis en place dans toutes les communes le ramassage des ordures ménagères. Pour passer au ramassage sélectif et donc renégocier tous les contrats avec des entreprises devenues considérables, les communes, seules, ne pouvaient pas faire le poids. C’est une des raisons qui nous a poussé à nous regrouper en communauté de communes. Aujourd’hui, le taux de prélèvement relatif aux ordures ménagères de la communauté de communes est bien inférieur à ce qui existait dans les communes.

Une fois le ramassage sélectif mis en place, s’est posé le problème du centre de tri. 29 000 habitants ne permettent pas d’amortir un centre de tri. C’est donc au niveau du pays, avec ses 85 000 habitants, que le centre de tri est géré. Cela va nous permettre de bénéficier de possibilités financières qui viendront en déduction des impôts individuels.

Un objectif : le développement économique

C’est dans ce but que les gens se sont engagés, pour permettre aux jeunes de rester.

Nous avons voulu créer des zones d’activités économiques. C’est un travail de longue haleine. Il a fallu revoir les POS, placer ces zones de telle sorte qu’elles soient utilisables même par temps de gel, etc. Nous avions deux atouts au départ : dans un rayon d’une heure de route, se trouvent Valenciennes ou Charleville avec des usines importantes qui travaillent en flux tendu. Il est donc tout à fait envisageable que leurs sous-traitants s’installent dans notre zone. D’ailleurs, dans un des cantons, de petites usines de sous-traitance travaillent déjà pour l’industrie automobile. Notre second atout est une main d’œuvre très sérieuse en Thiérache.

Mais, actuellement, notre principal problème est d’éviter le départ de certaines usines. C’est le cas d’un important atelier Poulet du Nord qui employait une centaine de personnes. La direction voulait regrouper les ateliers. Or, les employés s’étaient installés en Thiérache, avaient construit leurs maisons. La communauté de communes est parvenue à réinstaller une partie de l’atelier en question sur une de ses zones d’activité. Il est tout récent, aux normes européennes de l’agroalimentaire. Nous n’avons pas pu sauver les 100 emplois, mais nous en avons sauvé 25. Tout cela n’est pas très simple, nécessite beaucoup de temps. Nous avons donc mis en place rapidement une série d’actions pour que les habitants voient ce que pouvait leur apporter la communauté de communes.

Toutes les maisons sont en briques, mais recouvertes de crépis divers. L’ensemble est assez laid. Nous avons lancé une opération  » façades « , en partenariat avec les Chambres consulaires, les Bâtiments de France, etc. Nous avons obtenu des subventions de l’Association pour le développement de l’Aisne auxquelles se rajoute une aide de la communauté de communes. Cette opération a influencé les mentalités de façon extraordinaire. Les habitants ont pris conscience qu’ils avaient, dans leurs villages, un patrimoine bâti qui méritait d’être mis en valeur. D’autre part, cette action a fait travailler les artisans.

La communauté de communes a mis en place l’association Tac-Tic dans laquelle elle est largement représentée. Nous l’avons chargée de travailler en particulier à la résorption des ruines. Il est en effet illusoire de vouloir attirer des gens dans un village dont certaines maisons sont en ruine. Une vingtaine de jeunes travaillent pour Tac-Tic dans le cadre de chantiers d’insertion. La communauté de communes a investi dans le gros matériel. L’association Tac-Tic démolit les ruines, récupère les vieux matériaux et les revend, ce qui permet pratiquement d’équilibrer son budget.

Des communes qui conservent leurs responsabilités

La loi dite Chevènement de réforme de l’intercommunalité a été votée le 12 juillet dernier. Les pouvoirs de l’intercommunalité s’en trouvent renforcés. Certains peuvent interpréter cela comme une restriction des attributions de la commune elle-même.

En Thiérache, nous attendons de voir comment cette loi va se concrétiser sur le terrain. Mais, une chose est sûre : nous souhaitons que les communes conservent leurs responsabilités. C’est une question d’organisation de l’intercommunalité. Par exemple, l’assainissement est un gros problème pour nos communes. C’est donc la communauté de communes qui gère la réalisation des études. Elles ont été menées dans toutes les communes. A la suite de quoi, le conseil municipal a du prendre une décision à propos du projet de zonage d’assainissement avec ses conséquences pour la commune. A Leschelles, il a, à l’unanimité, renvoyé le bureau d’études à ses chères études. Nous avons refusé son travail que nous considérions mal fait. Le plan de zonage a donc été refait, puis accepté. Pour ce qui est de la mise en œuvre, c’est l’incertitude car ce plan pose de gros problèmes financiers et techniques à cause de l’habitat dispersé.

En tout cas, la commune n’a pas perdu la possibilité de prendre position.

Beaucoup évoquent l’élection au suffrage direct des représentants des communes à l’intercommunalité. Je ne suis pas convaincu que ce soit une bonne idée. Il a fallu des années pour que les gens prennent en compte la Région. Un nouveau suffrage compliquerait encore les choses. Et puis, cette élection poserait la question de la réalité de la vie communale à terme. Avec un tel suffrage, quel serait la place de la commune dans l’intercommunalité ? Si on veut véritablement faire vivre la coopération intercommunale, c’est aux conseillers municipaux d’élire, en leur sein, les délégués à l’intercommunalité. Si au bout de leur mandat de 6 ans, ils n’ont pas rempli leur mission, ils sont remplacés.

Ma plus grande crainte c’est que ceux qui votent des lois ne créent des communes de 3000 habitants. Cela impliquerait la création d’un corps de fonctionnaires certainement plus compétents que ne peuvent l’être des maires de petites communes rurales. Mais dans cette hypothèse, je ne sais pas comment pourra vivre la démocratie. La commune est une école de démocratie. Les gens y règlent des problèmes à leur niveau ; problèmes qui ne peuvent pas être réglés de manière satisfaisante par des fonctionnaires qui se trouvent à un niveau supérieur.

Des élus au service des habitants

La question du « verrouillage » du territoire par les élus dans le but de l’aménager d’une part et de s’y faire élire d’autre part est souvent évoquée comme un frein au développement local. Elle ne se pose pas en Thiérache. D’une part, le périmètre du pays de Thiérache n’est pas le même que celui de la circonscription du député. Et surtout, que ce soit dans le cadre du syndicat mixte, de la communauté de communes ou du pays, c’est notre volonté de régler les problèmes des habitants et de laisser les questions politiques de côté qui nous a rassemblée. Nous avons ainsi eu successivement des présidents RPR et socialistes. Il est un fait que si cet état d’esprit changeait, il y aurait effectivement des problèmes.

Pour préserver la démocratie locale

Si la nécessité de l’échelon intercommunal ne peut être remise en cause, il est essentiel de veiller à ce qu’il n’handicape pas la démocratie locale. Se pose là un problème important d’information.

Nous distribuons un journal 2 ou 3 fois par an dans les foyers des 29 000 habitants. Nous y avons présenté la communauté de communes, l’opération « façades », les projets d’animation culturelle, etc. C’est capital.

Par ailleurs, nous avons toujours cherché à mobiliser le plus grand nombre de gens possible. C’est pour cela que les délégués communaux à la communauté de communes sont au nombre de 132. Pour que chaque commune puisse être représentée et que l’information circule correctement, il fallait avoir un délégué pour 300 habitants. D’ailleurs, suite au récent recensement, nous envisageons de modifier ce ratio pour que ce système continue à fonctionner.

Enfin, dans le cadre du syndicat mixte, pendant des années, nous avons travaillé avec les socioprofessionnels, les associations, etc. Cette habitude de travail va nous aider à constituer et faire vivre le conseil de développement du pays.

La communauté de communes de Thiérache du centre a 7 ans. Il nous reste encore beaucoup à faire, mais nous devions d’abord nous mettre en marche. Je ferais volontiers ma devise de cette phrase d’Oscar Wilde : « il faut d’abord continuer et puis ensuite commencer ».

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, ,

Le regard d’un économiste sur le rural aujourd’hui

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Le regard d’un économiste sur le rural aujourd’hui

2014



Dans cette interview, Francis AUBERT souligne les différents regards portés sur la ruralité à travers l’Europe. Il propose quelques grilles de lecture pour mieux comprendre les avantages économiques qui distinguent les espaces urbains des territoires ruraux.


2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, AUBERT Francis, Base documentaire


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Comment appréhender la notion du rural aujourd’hui ?

Dans le travail de la DATAR (maintenant Commissariat Général à l’Egalité des Territoires), les territoires ruraux retrouvent une place notamment avec des dispositifs comme l’Observatoire des territoires. Il s’agit désormais de mettre à contribution des instances comme l’Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) pour redéfinir et caractériser le rural en France. La question de la définition est difficile car les contours du rural et de l’urbain sont très flous, leur délimitation repose sur un arbitrage conventionnel. Pourtant, l’exercice paraît plus que jamais nécessaire, ne serait-ce que pour être en mesure de poser les enjeux de ces territoires et d’adapter ainsi les politiques publiques.

Avant de rentrer dans les approches spécifiques à l’économie, dans la littérature générale, il me semble qu’il existe deux façons d’appréhender la notion de ruralité.

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