,

La subsidiarité en Thiérache, intérêts et principes

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La subsidiarité en Thiérache, intérêts et principes

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La communauté de communes gère ce que les communes ne pourraient pas prendre en charge seules, au mieux de l’intérêt des habitants. Les communes conservent les autres compétences, leur autonomie. Elles participent toutes, du fait du mode de représentation choisi, à la vie de la communauté de communes.


5 - Le territoire et ses acteurs, Base documentaire, DE CAFFARELLI Gérard, subsidiarité


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Une volonté : servir les habitants

La subsidiarité en Thiérache

La communauté de communes gère ce que les communes ne pourraient pas prendre en charge seules, au mieux de l’intérêt des habitants. Les communes conservent les autres compétences, leur autonomie. Elles participent toutes, du fait du mode de représentation choisi, à la vie de la communauté de communes.

Le pays fédère les 5 communautés de communes de Thiérache pour mener à bien ce que chacune ne peut gérer au mieux de l’intérêt des habitants.

L’articulation entre les différents niveaux est le fruit de la diffusion d’informations et surtout du mode de représentation des communes.

Les avantages

Les services rendus aux habitants sont meilleurs pour une pression fiscale équivalente. Les projets sont gérés au niveau opportun.

Les communes, mêmes petites, continuent à vivre, à assumer leurs responsabilités. C’est un plus pour la démocratie locale.

L’état d’esprit des acteurs concernés, au service du bien commun du territoire, permet d’impulser le développement local et de maintenir la démocratie dans cette région rurale enclavée, dans un contexte de plus en plus complexe.

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, ,

La subsidiarité est un atout pour la gestion des territoires

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La subsidiarité est un atout pour la gestion des territoires

2000



Dans cet article, l’auteur revient sur l’organisation de son territoire en intercommunalité. Avant d’être une question d’organisation, il s’agit avant tout de faire émerger un projet de territoire qui permette d’agir ensemble et de répondre à de nouveaux enjeux (tourisme, gestion des déchets) pour maintenir in fine le développement économique et la vitalité des communes tout en préservant une forte capacité de décision et d’action des élus locaux.


5 - Le territoire et ses acteurs, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, Base documentaire, DE CAFFARELLI Gérard


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Nous avons créé la communauté de communes de Thiérache du centre en décembre 1992 pour essayer de lutter contre le dépérissement, en profitant de la loi du 6 février 1992 dans ce qu’elle avait de positif. Si elle a été parmi les premières créées en France c’est que nous étions dans un milieu rural homogène. Cela a indéniablement facilité les choses.

Les 68 communes ont transféré à la communauté de communes les deux compétences obligatoires (aménagement de l’espace et développement économique), la compétence études d’assainissement et la compétence environnement. Il était évident que ces 68 communes ne pouvaient pas, en restant isolées, répondre aux demandes de plus en plus pressentes de la population. Au début, certains maires ont eu peur d’être avalés par la communauté de communes. J’étais convaincu que si nous ne faisions rien, nos communes disparaîtraient et que la communauté de communes était une chance à saisir dans la mesure où, ensemble, nous pourrions probablement réaliser un certain nombre d’actions pour lutter contre le dépérissement. Notre objectif était et est toujours d’organiser une véritable coopération entre les communes, pour améliorer la qualité de la vie de la population, dans le cadre d’un projet de territoire. Il ne s’agit en aucun cas d’en faire une « super commune ». Nous avons donc pensé et créé la communauté de communes dans l’esprit suivant : nous conservons au niveau des communes nos compétences et nous transférons uniquement à ce niveau supplémentaire celles que nous ne pouvons pas assumer au mieux de l’intérêt des habitants ; niveau supplémentaire dans lequel nous intervenons activement.

Le projet de territoire est à la base du travail réalisé en commun.

Sa préparation a été l’occasion d’une réflexion pour définir des objectifs à partir des besoins des hommes sur le territoire. De nombreuses réunions ont été organisées par commune et par activité économique : avec les commerçants, les artisans, les agriculteurs. Nous avons ainsi établi une liste de tout ce qu’il y avait à faire pour l’habitat, la mise en place de zones d’activités économiques, la gestion des ruines dans certaines communes, les façades en mauvais état, l’entretien des chemins ruraux, etc.

La communauté de communes est un établissement public à fiscalité propre. Cette latitude financière permet de mener à bien un certain nombre de projets. Par ailleurs, nous bénéficions d’un soutien de la région qui finance des postes de chargés de mission de communautés de communes, ce qui soulage les contribuables.

C’est un bureau de 32 délégués, 8 par canton, qui organise et gère la communauté de communes. Les conseillers généraux en sont automatiquement membres. Un bureau de 32 membres n’est pas très facile à manier mais il garantit la représentation de toutes les communes. Les délégués communaux à la communauté de communes sont au nombre de 132, 1 pour 300 habitants.

La communauté de communes remplit son office. Mais, nous avons vite réalisé qu’avec 29 000 habitants, nous ne pouvions pas gérer certaines actions. Par exemple, l’Oise traverse la communauté de Thiérache du centre, mais également d’autres communautés. Il était évident que nous devions agir ensemble pour engager des actions touristiques autour de cette rivière, comme la construction d’embarcadères pour le canoë kayak. Même constat pour organiser un circuit touristique des 67 églises fortifiées, actuellement en cours de réalisation, et attirer les Lillois, les Hollandais. Or, nous avions l’expérience d’un syndicat mixte de Thiérache créé en 1972. Nous avions donc pris l’habitude de travailler ensemble.

Les communautés de communes se mettant en place, après bien des discussions, nous avons considéré qu’il fallait fédérer les communautés de communes de toute la zone pour faire ensemble, dans le cadre du syndicat mixte, ce que chacune ne pouvait faire seule ou indépendamment des autres. Depuis, le pays de Thiérache a été constitué et récemment officialisé par un arrêté préfectoral. Concrètement le pays est la fédération des 5 communautés de communes qui le constituent. Nous ne voulions pas disposer d’une structure administrative supplémentaire (il est évident que nous en avons suffisamment) mais bien répondre aux besoins de ceux qui habitent ce pays, qui partagent un certain état d’esprit. Ce pays a indiscutablement une identité. Ainsi, il s’est avéré que les projets de territoire des communautés de communes concernées étaient très cohérents les uns avec les autres. Ils avaient les mêmes objectifs.

Un exemple : nous avions mis en place dans toutes les communes le ramassage des ordures ménagères. Pour passer au ramassage sélectif et donc renégocier tous les contrats avec des entreprises devenues considérables, les communes, seules, ne pouvaient pas faire le poids. C’est une des raisons qui nous a poussé à nous regrouper en communauté de communes. Aujourd’hui, le taux de prélèvement relatif aux ordures ménagères de la communauté de communes est bien inférieur à ce qui existait dans les communes.

Une fois le ramassage sélectif mis en place, s’est posé le problème du centre de tri. 29 000 habitants ne permettent pas d’amortir un centre de tri. C’est donc au niveau du pays, avec ses 85 000 habitants, que le centre de tri est géré. Cela va nous permettre de bénéficier de possibilités financières qui viendront en déduction des impôts individuels.

Un objectif : le développement économique

C’est dans ce but que les gens se sont engagés, pour permettre aux jeunes de rester.

Nous avons voulu créer des zones d’activités économiques. C’est un travail de longue haleine. Il a fallu revoir les POS, placer ces zones de telle sorte qu’elles soient utilisables même par temps de gel, etc. Nous avions deux atouts au départ : dans un rayon d’une heure de route, se trouvent Valenciennes ou Charleville avec des usines importantes qui travaillent en flux tendu. Il est donc tout à fait envisageable que leurs sous-traitants s’installent dans notre zone. D’ailleurs, dans un des cantons, de petites usines de sous-traitance travaillent déjà pour l’industrie automobile. Notre second atout est une main d’œuvre très sérieuse en Thiérache.

Mais, actuellement, notre principal problème est d’éviter le départ de certaines usines. C’est le cas d’un important atelier Poulet du Nord qui employait une centaine de personnes. La direction voulait regrouper les ateliers. Or, les employés s’étaient installés en Thiérache, avaient construit leurs maisons. La communauté de communes est parvenue à réinstaller une partie de l’atelier en question sur une de ses zones d’activité. Il est tout récent, aux normes européennes de l’agroalimentaire. Nous n’avons pas pu sauver les 100 emplois, mais nous en avons sauvé 25. Tout cela n’est pas très simple, nécessite beaucoup de temps. Nous avons donc mis en place rapidement une série d’actions pour que les habitants voient ce que pouvait leur apporter la communauté de communes.

Toutes les maisons sont en briques, mais recouvertes de crépis divers. L’ensemble est assez laid. Nous avons lancé une opération  » façades « , en partenariat avec les Chambres consulaires, les Bâtiments de France, etc. Nous avons obtenu des subventions de l’Association pour le développement de l’Aisne auxquelles se rajoute une aide de la communauté de communes. Cette opération a influencé les mentalités de façon extraordinaire. Les habitants ont pris conscience qu’ils avaient, dans leurs villages, un patrimoine bâti qui méritait d’être mis en valeur. D’autre part, cette action a fait travailler les artisans.

La communauté de communes a mis en place l’association Tac-Tic dans laquelle elle est largement représentée. Nous l’avons chargée de travailler en particulier à la résorption des ruines. Il est en effet illusoire de vouloir attirer des gens dans un village dont certaines maisons sont en ruine. Une vingtaine de jeunes travaillent pour Tac-Tic dans le cadre de chantiers d’insertion. La communauté de communes a investi dans le gros matériel. L’association Tac-Tic démolit les ruines, récupère les vieux matériaux et les revend, ce qui permet pratiquement d’équilibrer son budget.

Des communes qui conservent leurs responsabilités

La loi dite Chevènement de réforme de l’intercommunalité a été votée le 12 juillet dernier. Les pouvoirs de l’intercommunalité s’en trouvent renforcés. Certains peuvent interpréter cela comme une restriction des attributions de la commune elle-même.

En Thiérache, nous attendons de voir comment cette loi va se concrétiser sur le terrain. Mais, une chose est sûre : nous souhaitons que les communes conservent leurs responsabilités. C’est une question d’organisation de l’intercommunalité. Par exemple, l’assainissement est un gros problème pour nos communes. C’est donc la communauté de communes qui gère la réalisation des études. Elles ont été menées dans toutes les communes. A la suite de quoi, le conseil municipal a du prendre une décision à propos du projet de zonage d’assainissement avec ses conséquences pour la commune. A Leschelles, il a, à l’unanimité, renvoyé le bureau d’études à ses chères études. Nous avons refusé son travail que nous considérions mal fait. Le plan de zonage a donc été refait, puis accepté. Pour ce qui est de la mise en œuvre, c’est l’incertitude car ce plan pose de gros problèmes financiers et techniques à cause de l’habitat dispersé.

En tout cas, la commune n’a pas perdu la possibilité de prendre position.

Beaucoup évoquent l’élection au suffrage direct des représentants des communes à l’intercommunalité. Je ne suis pas convaincu que ce soit une bonne idée. Il a fallu des années pour que les gens prennent en compte la Région. Un nouveau suffrage compliquerait encore les choses. Et puis, cette élection poserait la question de la réalité de la vie communale à terme. Avec un tel suffrage, quel serait la place de la commune dans l’intercommunalité ? Si on veut véritablement faire vivre la coopération intercommunale, c’est aux conseillers municipaux d’élire, en leur sein, les délégués à l’intercommunalité. Si au bout de leur mandat de 6 ans, ils n’ont pas rempli leur mission, ils sont remplacés.

Ma plus grande crainte c’est que ceux qui votent des lois ne créent des communes de 3000 habitants. Cela impliquerait la création d’un corps de fonctionnaires certainement plus compétents que ne peuvent l’être des maires de petites communes rurales. Mais dans cette hypothèse, je ne sais pas comment pourra vivre la démocratie. La commune est une école de démocratie. Les gens y règlent des problèmes à leur niveau ; problèmes qui ne peuvent pas être réglés de manière satisfaisante par des fonctionnaires qui se trouvent à un niveau supérieur.

Des élus au service des habitants

La question du « verrouillage » du territoire par les élus dans le but de l’aménager d’une part et de s’y faire élire d’autre part est souvent évoquée comme un frein au développement local. Elle ne se pose pas en Thiérache. D’une part, le périmètre du pays de Thiérache n’est pas le même que celui de la circonscription du député. Et surtout, que ce soit dans le cadre du syndicat mixte, de la communauté de communes ou du pays, c’est notre volonté de régler les problèmes des habitants et de laisser les questions politiques de côté qui nous a rassemblée. Nous avons ainsi eu successivement des présidents RPR et socialistes. Il est un fait que si cet état d’esprit changeait, il y aurait effectivement des problèmes.

Pour préserver la démocratie locale

Si la nécessité de l’échelon intercommunal ne peut être remise en cause, il est essentiel de veiller à ce qu’il n’handicape pas la démocratie locale. Se pose là un problème important d’information.

Nous distribuons un journal 2 ou 3 fois par an dans les foyers des 29 000 habitants. Nous y avons présenté la communauté de communes, l’opération « façades », les projets d’animation culturelle, etc. C’est capital.

Par ailleurs, nous avons toujours cherché à mobiliser le plus grand nombre de gens possible. C’est pour cela que les délégués communaux à la communauté de communes sont au nombre de 132. Pour que chaque commune puisse être représentée et que l’information circule correctement, il fallait avoir un délégué pour 300 habitants. D’ailleurs, suite au récent recensement, nous envisageons de modifier ce ratio pour que ce système continue à fonctionner.

Enfin, dans le cadre du syndicat mixte, pendant des années, nous avons travaillé avec les socioprofessionnels, les associations, etc. Cette habitude de travail va nous aider à constituer et faire vivre le conseil de développement du pays.

La communauté de communes de Thiérache du centre a 7 ans. Il nous reste encore beaucoup à faire, mais nous devions d’abord nous mettre en marche. Je ferais volontiers ma devise de cette phrase d’Oscar Wilde : « il faut d’abord continuer et puis ensuite commencer ».

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, ,

Le libéralisme exacerbé actuel est-il compatible avec la vie des territoires ?

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Le libéralisme exacerbé actuel est-il compatible avec la vie des territoires ?

1997



Dans cet article, l’auteur rappelle les traits essentiels de la mutation de la société suscitée par la mondialisation et le progrès technique, afin d’éclairer trois options de société pour le futur. Il souligne ensuite quelques problèmes principaux à dépasser pour que libéralisme et vie des territoires se renforcent : relier le marché et les institutions, favoriser la construction européenne, revisiter le développement durable. D’où la possibilité d’appréhender le territoire avec un regard nouveau, c’est à dire comme un lieu de réconciliation, d’enracinement, de relation, d’équilibre et donc de vie.


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, Base documentaire, DELORS Jacques


Télécharger

Des Trente Glorieuses à la période dite de crise qui a suivi, les thèmes et les tendances sont restés les mêmes. Le thème de « Paris et le désert français » a perduré. Les tendances comme les migrations de la campagne vers la ville ou le vieillissement de la population rurale se sont maintenues. Les politiques d’aménagement du territoire étaient largement influencées par la fascination des grands réseaux de circulation des biens et des personnes et par l’objectif de la compétitivité.

Il est très difficile de discerner ce qui est immuable de ce qui est changeant dans la société. Mais ma conviction est que nous affrontons une grande mutation dont je rappellerai les traits essentiels pour présenter quelques options pour le futur. Enfin, puisqu’une transition doit s’opérer, j’aborderai la question suivante : dans quelle mesure l’intelligence et la puissance de l’homme, les intelligences collectives d’une nation ou d’un groupe de nations, peuvent-elles infléchir un modèle en train de se créer ?

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, , , , , , , , ,

De la gestion de la vallée de l’Ardèche

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De la gestion de la vallée de l’Ardèche

1996



Synthèse de l’intervention de Bruno ACH lors du colloque du 12 juin 1996 organisé par Sol et Civilisation au Puy en Velay sur le thème : « Le vivant, la qualité, les territoires : quelle stratégie pour les acteurs d’aujourd’hui ? ».


Dans cet article, l’auteur présente les premiers résultats d’une démarche initiée dans la vallée de l’Ardèche afin de mobiliser les acteurs autour des enjeux de la gestion de l’eau.


11 - Sur la prise en charge des équilibres naturels, 3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, 6 - La spécificité rurale, ACH Bruno, Base documentaire, TERRITOIRE, démarche patrimoniale, expériences rurales, expériences territoriales, gestion de l’eau, mobilisation territoriale, qualité de l’eau


Télécharger

En 1995, le Syndicat Intercommunal de la Vallée de l’Ardèche était confronté à une triple crise : crise de reconnaissance des résultats obtenus (la qualité de l’eau s’était bien améliorée mais à un coût très élevé), peu ou pas de rencontres avec les administrations et les associations, absence de vision stratégique, le contrat de rivière arrivant à échéance.

Deux préoccupations nous tenaillaient : comment passer d’une gestion de la rivière à une gestion de bassin ? Comment associer à la démarche les « non-élus » concernés par la gestion de l’eau et notamment les propriétaires riverains (agriculteurs ou industriels), les usagers de la rivière (professionnels du tourisme et des loisirs d’eau vive), les diverses associations à vocation culturelle et de protection de la nature ?

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, , , , , ,

La situation des territoires ruraux en Pologne

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La situation des territoires ruraux en Pologne

2004



Dans cet article, l’auteur détaille l’organisation et le fonctionnement des espaces ruraux polonais, et explore les principaux enjeux en termes de développement agricole et d’organisation territoriale. Penser le devenir de ces territoires ruraux et maintenir des territoires vivants, c’est avant tout se donner les moyens d’une politique européenne de la ruralité, et non seulement de l’agriculture…


4 - Le territoire comme objet… d’aménagement, de politique, de financement, de recherche, 6 - La spécificité rurale, Base documentaire, POTOK Anna, TERRITOIRE, agriculture, espace rural, politiques territoriales, territoires ruraux


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L’espace rural polonais couvre 93% du territoire et représente 38% de la population. Il s’organise autour d’un bon maillage territorial avec 16 régions, 315 districts, 2489 communes et environ 40 000 villages. Pour des raisons largement historiques, de grands écarts existent entre les régions, notamment entre l’Ouest et l’Est de la Pologne. Les régions longeant la frontière russe sont beaucoup plus défavorisées que les régions proches de l’Allemagne. Globalement les infrastructures techniques, les organismes sociaux, l’action des services publics, les possibilités de formation sont moindres qu’en ville même s’il faut souligner qu’un grand progrès a été fait ces dernières années, notamment au niveau des infrastructures.

Il n’existe pas, en principe, de territoire fort dépeuplé. En revanche, les situations sociales sont contrastées avec notamment un taux de chômage très élevé dans les régions où les fermes d’état ont dominé dans le passé (35% à 40%).

L’agriculture joue toujours un rôle primordial, bien qu’elle ne représente que 2.9% du PIB. Sa modernisation se réalise très lentement. Au sud les très petites exploitations dominent avec une surface moyenne de 3 hectares. Ailleurs, la surface moyenne s’élève à 18 hectares, la moyenne nationale étant de 9 hectares. Seul 13% des exploitations, couvrant 42% de la SAU, produisent 73% de la production commerciale. Plus de la moitié des exploitations n’a pas de contact avec le marché. Elles ne produisent que pour leurs propres besoins, et ne seront évidemment pas viables dans l’avenir. On estime qu’en Pologne, seulement 500 à 700 milliers d’exploitations pourront être concurrentielles dans l’Europe de demain.

Le taux de chômage en Pologne est actuellement compris entre 17 et 18%. Il est encore plus élevé dans les campagnes. Quand on ajoute le chômage caché, on peut dire que 1 à 2 millions de personnes devraient quitter à l’avenir le secteur agricole. Le rendement du travail est très faible : sur 100 hectares de terre plus de 20 personnes travaillent en Pologne, contre 5 personnes dans l’Europe des 15. Le chômage représente actuellement le plus grand problème des espaces ruraux. Il est la conséquence de longues années de transformations assez brutales dans toute économie, de l’absence d’une bonne politique de développement dans les zones rurales. Le principal défi des zones rurales est donc de créer des emplois en dehors de l’agriculture.

Le manque d’infrastructure, le faible engagement des pouvoirs publics, la faiblesse des relais financiers constituent aujourd’hui les principaux handicaps pour le développement des campagnes. Elles souffrent d’une centralisation excessive des moyens financiers et des décisions. Les démarches gouvernementales favorisent surtout les niveaux nationaux et très peu les niveaux locaux. Les compétences et les possibilités financières des régions sont symboliques. Les communes sont assez endettées et sans moyen pour cofinancer les projets communautaires. Les initiatives locales des organisations rurales risquent fort d’être négligées. Les modes de gestion participative sont insuffisants. Il y a aussi un déficit de stratégies claires en faveur des zones rurales. Il n’en reste pas moins que ces territoires sont riches de potentiels.

Le mode de vie urbain n’est plus un modèle dominant pour la population. La société partage le sentiment qu’en dehors de la production alimentaire, les zones rurales jouent également d’autres rôles très importants pour l’ensemble de la Pologne : un riche patrimoine culturel, un renouveau d’identité locale. L’identité régionale, l’identité du pays, renaissent très nettement. Il ne faut pas oublier qu’après la deuxième guerre mondiale, sous le système communiste, la continuité de la formation du milieu culturel rural a été interrompue pendant 50 ans. L’expression de la société civile n’existait pas. De plus, tous les peuples polonais s’étaient déplacés de plusieurs centaines de kilomètres de l’Est vers l’Ouest. Aujourd’hui, les habitants se réapproprient de plus en plus leur petit pays.

La production agricole se rationalise de plus en plus. La productivité augmente, la production répond de mieux en mieux aux besoins du marché et sa qualité s’améliore. On peut observer cela avant tout dans la production laitière.

L’esprit entrepreneurial est assez fort et il y a un grand potentiel d’initiatives. Ces dernières années, de nombreuses organisations non gouvernementales liées au développement local ont été créées. Ces organisations présentes dans les zones rurales ont monté le « forum d’activation » des espaces ruraux. Les premiers objectifs de ce forum sont la construction du dialogue civil, l’animation des collectivités locales, la construction de partenariats, la création de politiques de développement durable, la conduite de programmes de type Leader. La fondation que je représente joue le rôle de secrétariat informel de cette initiative.

Le développement des territoires ruraux polonais est dans la dépendance d’une bonne conjoncture économique, en Pologne et en Europe. Il exige également la redéfinition du statut professionnel des agriculteurs en reconnaissant leurs nouvelles missions: aménagement du territoire, sauvegarde de l’environnement, valorisation du patrimoine tant culturel que naturel. Enfin, il devra s’appuyer sur des programmes de développement innovants, participatifs, avec notamment une approche territoriale ascendante, décentralisée et intégrée.

Par ailleurs, la politique rurale européenne ne devra pas être seulement un supplément à la politique agricole. Il ne s’agit pas de minimiser le rôle de l’agriculture, mais de cesser de voir le développement rural uniquement à travers l’agriculture. Cette politique pourrait être réalisée dans le cadre d’une politique agricole rurale commune, mais elle devrait peut-être constituer une composante à part et être financée à travers une source budgétaire spéciale. Il serait peut-être utile de proposer de nouveaux instruments qui soient adaptés aux besoins et aux attentes du milieu rural. De plus, il faudrait renforcer la décentralisation en s’appuyant sur le principe de subsidiarité et en favorisant les démarches participatives, puis simplifier les procédures administratives.

Sauvegarder la culture et les traditions, vivre dans des conditions comparables à celles des agriculteurs français, trouver une place respectable dans la société, voilà le véritable but du monde rural polonais. Je me souviens du titre des deuxièmes Assises de Sol et Civilisation : « Terre des hommes, terre vivante », c’est cela l’avenir des campagnes polonaises. Allons-nous réussir ? Je reste optimiste car, malgré toutes les difficultés, je crois que l’intégration européenne est pour le monde rural polonais une chance historique. Et je reste optimiste en plus car on trouve aujourd’hui en Pologne plus de visages souriants dans la rue qu’il y a quelques années.

Relevé de l’exposé oral revu par l’auteur

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, , , , , , ,

Place de l’agriculture, entre nature et culture

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Place de l’agriculture, entre nature et culture

2011



Dans cet article, l’auteur analyse le glissement progressif des gestionnaires des espaces protégés d’une conception de la préservation de la nature à une vision nouvelle, « la co-gestion de la biodiversité », pour en détailler ensuite les conséquences pour les milieux et les relations entre les hommes. Ce changement sémantique suffira-t-il néanmoins à rétablir la confiance entre « gens du lieu » et « protecteurs » ?


11 - Sur la prise en charge des équilibres naturels, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, Base documentaire, LARRERE Raphaël, biodiversité, gestion de la nature, gestionnaires de la nature, lien de l’homme au vivant, préservation de l’environnement


Télécharger

La protection de la nature a été – et est encore – une source de conflits opposant d’un côté, ceux qui entendent préserver des espèces, des milieux et des paysages, et de l’autre, ceux qui mettent l’espace rural en valeur. Opposition également entre les « gens du lieu » et ces « gens d’ailleurs » qui sont ceux qui entendent protéger la nature. Or, ceux qui entendent la promouvoir ne sont pas toujours d’accord sur ce qu’il conviendrait de faire, et les « gens du lieu » ne sont pas tous hostiles à toutes les mesures prises en faveur de la nature, loin de là.

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, , , , ,

Agriculture, biodiversité et territoires

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Agriculture, biodiversité et territoires

2011




Base documentaire, LEDRU Michel, TERRITOIRE, agriculture, biodiversité, développement agricole, gestion territoriale, préservation de l’environnement


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2010 fut l’année mondiale de la biodiversité.

Sa protection est aujourd’hui reconnue comme un enjeu majeur pour l’ensemble de l’Humanité et un révélateur de la capacité de notre civilisation à répondre en plus des nôtres, aux besoins d’autres espèces. L’immense défi que nous devons tous relever consiste à proposer ensemble un projet de développement équilibré.

À notre échelle, Sol et Civilisation vous propose, dans cette Lettre, d’explorer la thématique de la biodiversité, de l’agriculture et du développement durable, ses leviers et enjeux. Pour ce faire, vous trouverez un article de Raphaël Larrere, sociologue et agronome qui s’intitule « Place de l’agriculture, entre nature et culture ». Cet article développe l’exposé donné lors d’une soirée débat en Mayenne et que nous avons eu plaisir à co-organiser avec nos partenaires locaux en novembre dernier sur le couple « agriculture-nature ».

Vous trouverez également une contribution de Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis, Inspecteur Général de l’Agriculture sur «la biodiversité, l’agriculture et le développement durable ». Gérard Hanus, Directeur du Parc Naturel Régional de Chartreuse formule pour sa part, une vision territoriale de cette problématique en réinterrogeant plus globalement l’outil PNR. Vous pourrez également lire la synthèse des dernières Assises de Sol et Civilisation. En outre, nous vous proposons de découvrir une nouvelle rubrique intitulée « Les tribunes libres » de Gérard de Caffarelli et de Michel Ménard. L’un et l’autre sont profondément liés à Sol et Civilisation pour avoir participé à la création de l’Association et pour l’avoir accompagnée. Leurs éclairages nous permettent d’aller plus loin sans négliger nos fondements.

À l’issue de cette lecture, nous vous invitons d’ores et déjà à réserver la date du 29 septembre 2011 pour les prochaines Assises de Sol et Civilisation. Elle correspond à la date anniversaire des 20 ans de l’Association et sera l’occasion pour nous tous de poser un regard sur nos actions et nos propositions tout en mettant en perspective les évolutions des territoires ruraux.

Ce numéro est le premier de l’année que vous recevez de Sol et Civilisation, aussi au nom de toute l’équipe de Sol et Civilisation, j’en profite pour vous souhaiter à tous une excellente année 2011.

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, ,

Le regard d’un économiste sur le rural aujourd’hui

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custom_bg='#444444' custom_font='#ffffff' btn_color_bg='theme-color' btn_custom_grad_direction='vertical_rev' btn_custom_grad_1='#000000' btn_custom_grad_2='#ffffff' btn_custom_grad_3='' btn_custom_grad_opacity='0.7' btn_custom_bg='#444444' btn_color_bg_hover='white' btn_custom_bg_hover='#444444' btn_color_font='theme-color' btn_custom_font='#ffffff' btn_color_font_hover='custom' btn_custom_font_hover='#000000' border='none' border_width='' border_width_sync='true' border_color='' border_radius='30' border_radius_sync='true' box_shadow='outside' box_shadow_style='0px,5px,5px,0px' box_shadow_color='rgba(0,0,0,0.12)' hover_opacity='' sonar_effect_effect='' sonar_effect_color='' sonar_effect_duration='1' sonar_effect_scale='' sonar_effect_opac='0.5' id='' custom_class='' template_class='' av_uid='av-kz4gyg6i' sc_version='1.0' admin_preview_bg=''] [/av_section]


Le regard d’un économiste sur le rural aujourd’hui

2014



Dans cette interview, Francis AUBERT souligne les différents regards portés sur la ruralité à travers l’Europe. Il propose quelques grilles de lecture pour mieux comprendre les avantages économiques qui distinguent les espaces urbains des territoires ruraux.


2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, AUBERT Francis, Base documentaire


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Comment appréhender la notion du rural aujourd’hui ?

Dans le travail de la DATAR (maintenant Commissariat Général à l’Egalité des Territoires), les territoires ruraux retrouvent une place notamment avec des dispositifs comme l’Observatoire des territoires. Il s’agit désormais de mettre à contribution des instances comme l’Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) pour redéfinir et caractériser le rural en France. La question de la définition est difficile car les contours du rural et de l’urbain sont très flous, leur délimitation repose sur un arbitrage conventionnel. Pourtant, l’exercice paraît plus que jamais nécessaire, ne serait-ce que pour être en mesure de poser les enjeux de ces territoires et d’adapter ainsi les politiques publiques.

Avant de rentrer dans les approches spécifiques à l’économie, dans la littérature générale, il me semble qu’il existe deux façons d’appréhender la notion de ruralité.

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La relation de l’homme à son espace : une des clefs d’un développement durable

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La relation de l’homme à son espace : une des clefs d’un développement durable

2001



Dans ce discours, l’auteur rappelle les fondements de la création de Sol et Civilisation dont le cœur des préoccupations est de questionner la relation de l’homme à son espace, comme une des clefs d’un développement durable qui permet de rétablir des équilibres.


3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, Base documentaire, LACOMBE Raymond, lien ville-campagne


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Mes chers amis, je suis particulièrement heureux d’ouvrir ces 10èmes assises de Sol et Civilisation en vous accueillant tous, et en vous remerciant très chaleureusement d’avoir pris quelques heures pour débattre d’un sujet d’actualité.

Je voudrais en profiter, si vous le permettez, pour vous rappeler que cela fait maintenant dix ans, nous avons lancé des équipes de réflexion autour de Sol et Civilisation. C’était après la grande manifestation qui a eu lieu le 29 septembre 1991, à Paris, où 300 000 paysans et ruraux ont réussi à interpeller la France entière en disant : « nous sommes encore là, nous pouvons rendre service à la société mais nous vous avertissons quand même qu’il est temps de réagir et de faire en sorte qu’il y ait une autre façon de réfléchir sur le monde paysan et le monde rural dans notre société française ».

Après cette grande manifestation, avec un certain nombre d’amis, notamment : Gérard de CAFFARELLI, Jean DUPUIS, dont je salue ici la mémoire,  qui a écrit un livre posthume « l’Aubergiste oublié » que je vous recommande très fortement, nous avons pensé qu’il serait peut être utile de créer une association nationale qui, à son humble niveau, pourrait réunir, ici ou là, tous les hommes de bonne volonté qui se préoccupent de l’avenir de notre société et qui essayent, aujourd’hui, de réfléchir aux équilibres nouveaux à trouver. Le 8 octobre 1991, dans un hôtel de la région parisienne, s’est déroulée une réunion d’une cinquantaine de personnes, venant de divers horizons, qui ont accepté de porter les fondements de cette association nationale que nous appelons Sol et Civilisation.

Je voulais rappeler simplement que lorsque nous avons, ensemble, réfléchi aux fondements de cette association, nous avions deux ou trois idées fortes qui, à mon avis, restent très présentes dans nos débats de société et qui, hélas, nous sont rappelées par l’actualité des événements que nous avons vécus aux États-Unis et à Toulouse.

La première est qu’il faut que l’on revienne à cette idée centrale qui est bien celle de replacer l’homme au centre des débats, de tous les débats ! L’homme, sa responsabilité, sa dignité, ses initiatives, ses rapports à autrui et au monde qui l’entoure : L’homme et la communauté doivent commander ensemble et avoir la possibilité de construire ces communautés successives qui permettront aux générations futures de s’y retrouver. L’homme, respecté en tant que personne, quelles que soient ses origines, sa race, sa philosophie et sa religion : l’homme au centre des débats.

La deuxième découle de la première : il faut essayer de retrouver une harmonie et un équilibre, une complémentarité astucieuse entre les divers milieux qui composent notre société. Dès le départ, nous avons dit que c’était le paysan qui était au cœur du débat, qu’il était l’homme des territoires et que c’est autour de lui que les milieux devaient se développer et s’activer. Les gens des villes devaient se retrouver ensuite autour de ce triptyque : paysans ruraux et urbains, pour faire en sorte qu’ensemble, en harmonie, on puisse retrouver un nouvel équilibre.

La troisième idée, c’est finalement faire en sorte que tous ces fondamentaux, homme, communauté, milieux, qui composent la société se retrouvent harmonieusement au sein de la planète, entre les continents. Travailler pour qu’ils essayent, ensemble, de cohabiter, de vivre et de réaliser leur devenir. Autrement dit, nous avions déjà lancé les idées fortes que nous appelons aujourd’hui la globalisation, la mondialisation, avec toutes ses dérives que vous connaissez aussi bien que moi.

Aujourd’hui, ces trois idées fondamentales que je viens de rappeler sont toujours au cœur de nos préoccupations et, finalement, nous ont amenées à réfléchir à ce problème qui est la relation de l’homme à son espace pour marquer nos 10 ans. Parce que nous pensons que c’est une des clefs d’un développement durable qui permet de rétablir des équilibres. C’est pour cela que nous avons, aujourd’hui, organisé cette journée et décidé de faire appel à toutes les compétences et les bonnes volontés.

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