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Pour une approche stratégique du bien commun

1998



Dans cet article, l’auteur propose d’appréhender la prise en charge des biens communs, tels que la gestion du vivant, avec de nouvelles approches qui visent à organiser la négociation autour des attentes multiples des acteurs concernés.




Un certain nombre de signaux montrent que notre façon d’agir ensemble nous rend incapables de traiter certaines réalités. Nous ne savons pas gérer la qualité des eaux souterraines en Alsace, ni la qualité de l’eau d’un bassin versant. Nous ne savons agir que par la contrainte, par l’interdiction. Mais chacun a de telles marges de liberté et de non implication vis-à-vis d’une norme, quelle qu’elle soft, que ce système de contraintes peut être parfaitement inefficace pour gérer des réalités comme la qualité de l’eau, la qualité de la vie. Les acteurs ne s’impliquent que s’ils en ont envie dans une action qu’ils jugent légitime et efficace. Ainsi, dans le secteur des entreprises, la gestion de la qualité a évolué. Il y a 30 ans, la demande de produits était telle qu’une entreprise pouvait être un « offreur systématique » et imposer aux clients sa conception de la qualité. Les gens étaient contents d’avoir une 2 CV, même s’il fallait attendre 3 ans. Par la suite, un autre équilibre entre l’offre et la demande s’est établi. Les consommateurs ont alors voulu une amélioration du produit. Puis de nouveaux acteurs se sont imposés dans la conception de la qualité du produit : les salariés, les écologistes étudiant l’impact de l’entreprise sur l’environnement, l’actionnaire se demandant si le profit serait durable, etc.

L’entreprise, d’acteur strictement productif, est aujourd’hui tenue de devenir beaucoup plus stratégique. Elle doit mobiliser ses hommes. Elle ne peut plus avoir 5% de gens « intelligents » et 95% « d’exécutants ». Elle a besoin de l’intelligence de tous. Et cette intelligence ne se libère que par la libre adhésion. La mobiliser suppose énormément de savoir, de précautions. La qualité s’impose aujourd’hui comme un bien commun qui requiert une approche stratégique.

Les territoires sont l’objet d’offres et de demandes de qualité. Pour Henry Ollagnon, on ne peut vraiment négocier que lorsqu’on est à la fois offreur et demandeur de qualité. Si le monde rural n’est que le lieu d’un marchandage entre zones et fonctions, il sera dépouillé parce qu’il ne représente que 10% de la population. Si par contre, chacun se sent à la fois offreur et demandeur d’une qualité, par exemple de la santé humaine et de l’épanouissement de l’homme, alors des négociations peuvent s’engager. C’est ce qui se passe en Haut Béarn ou à Olmanie (Biélorussie).

Pour engager ce processus, on peut mobiliser les ressorts patrimoniaux que chacun a en lui. Si à l’intérieur de l’entreprise, il n’y a pas un minimum d’intérêt commun, si le salarié ne se sent pas acteur du succès financier de l’entreprise, on ne pourra ni en parler avec lui, ni mobiliser son adhésion.

Engager de telles négociations nécessite une approche stratégique. Nous avons cru que nous pourrions prendre tous les problèmes en charge dans le cadre privé ou dans le cadre public. Mais certains éléments ne peuvent être gérés dans leur globalité ni dans l’un, ni dans l’autre cadre. L’administration doit administrer sous régulation politique, les chefs d’entreprises doivent travailler dans le cadre de la propriété privée. Par contre, d’autres enjeux, qui relèvent du bien commun comme la gestion du vivant nécessitent d’engager des négociations stratégiques dans un cadre contractuel nouveau.

Henry Ollagnon conclut : « nous constatons l’émergence de nouvelles attentes stratégiques à satisfaire. Il faut donc construire un juste équilibre entre les modes de négociation classique et ceux de la négociation coopérative. Cela suppose la mise en place de nouvelles approches, la création de nouveaux métiers pour traiter les problèmes du vivant. Des outils existent pour cela ».

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Typologie des problèmes dans les sociétés : problèmes techniques et problèmes adaptatifs

2000






Ronald HEIFETZ, professeur à l’Ecole d’administration J.F.Kennedy (Université de Harvard), distingue deux types fondamentaux de problèmes rencontrés par les sociétés : les problèmes techniques et les problèmes d’adaptation.

1. Les problèmes techniques, tels que les catastrophes naturelles, ont déjà été résolus dans le passé. Pour résoudre ce type de problèmes, une société a besoin d’une approche autoritaire et directive, où chacun connaît la procédure à suivre, même dans le cas de situations particulièrement compliquées.

2. Les problèmes « adaptatifs » ou « d’adaptation » sont ceux que la société n’a jamais encore résolu. Quand il s’agit de résoudre ce type de problèmes, une approche directive ne fonctionne pas. Leur résolution exige au contraire la collaboration de tous les acteurs sociaux, qui doivent inventer ensemble la solution. Elle fait souvent intervenir des champs d’action généralement cloisonnés. On peut citer comme exemples les questions d’environnement, de santé, etc.

Selon Ronald HEIFETZ, le management nécessaire pour résoudre les problèmes de type technique est fondamentalement différent de celui qui convient aux problèmes adaptatifs. Or, même lorsque nous attendons de nos dirigeants qu’ils résolvent un problème adaptatif, ils prennent des mesures d’ordre technique : décisions unilatérales, directives, règlements…

Des leaders adaptatifs devraient au contraire savoir faciliter le dialogue social et ainsi permettre à la société d’apporter sa réponse.

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Pour une nouvelle approche du développement, centrée sur l’homme

2000



Dans son discours, l’intervenant tire les enseignements de son intervention auprès de la République du Kirghizitan, menée la fin des années 90 pour élaborer un programme de développement. Quelques points clefs à retenir: la nécessité de 1) considérer les pays non pas comme des marchés émergents mais comme des sociétés émergentes; 2) faire naitre la subsidiarité avant de définir le projet; 3) appréhender le développement comme un problème complexe d’adaptation et non pas comme un problème technique.




Nous nous préparons à connaître au cours des prochaines décennies un véritable bouleversement de la démographie mondiale : en 2010, 1 milliard d’hommes sur Terre auront moins de 30 ans ; parmi eux, 90% vivront dans des pays où, aujourd’hui déjà, on ne trouve pas de travail. A travers les médias, ils sauront en revanche comment vivent leurs cousins des pays développés. Dans ce contexte, à moins de réagir rapidement, il me paraît totalement illusoire de penser que nous pourrons conserver longtemps notre mode de vie actuel, sans crises sociales ou politiques majeures.

Nous devons dépasser notre conception des pays en développement comme des marchés émergents : ce sont des sociétés émergentes. Définissons donc une nouvelle forme d’assistance, active, qui contribue à mettre en place des institutions – et des leaders – capables de travailler ensemble pour répondre aux problèmes qu’affrontent leurs pays. Des problèmes, comme le chômage, dont la résolution appelle la participation d’acteurs nombreux, privés, publics et associatifs.

La tâche n’est pas aisée ; pourtant, continuer de fournir une aide purement technique sans la renforcer ne mène probablement qu’à l’échec. Quels progrès seraient réalisés, si 2% des fonds d’assistance à ces pays servaient à former leurs leaders à la conduite du changement…

En juin 1999, j’ai signé un contrat avec la Banque Asiatique de Développement (BAD). Il s’agissait, avec une équipe de consultants internationaux, de rédiger un cahier des charges portant sur l’emploi par le Kirghizistan d’un prêt de 24 millions de dollars.

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La subsidiarité, base de la démocratie

2000



Dans cet article, l’auteur s’inquiète du manque de subsidiarité dans le développement de notre société alors qu’à ses yeux, ce principe est essentiel pour un développement local réussi, incontournable pour poursuivre la construction européenne, et indispensable pour faire émerger un développement mondial cohérent et équilibre…




Nos démocraties représentatives traversent une mauvaise passe. Leur pouvoir de décision est érodé par la mondialisation de la finance et de l’économie. L’idéologie néolibérale dominante les considère comme des systèmes lourds et dépassés, incapables de s’adapter aux nécessités de l’instant et aux virtualités du futur. […]

A cela s’ajoute, dans notre pays, une trop vieille tradition centralisatrice qui imprègne non seulement les rouages de l’Etat mais aussi ceux de maintes organisations privées et même d’entreprises. Elle conduit à prendre des décisions « d’en haut », en négligeant les savoir-faire, le dynamisme, la capacité d’entreprendre et d’exercer des responsabilités de ceux « d’en bas ».

Comment, dès lors, s’étonner que bon nombre de nos concitoyens se désintéressent du vivre ensemble, de la démocratie et jouent la carte du tout individuel, du repli sur soi ? […]

On peut cependant, percevoir des signes montrant que les femmes et les hommes d’aujourd’hui ne se désintéressent pas tous de ce qui se passe dans nos sociétés. Ainsi l’intervention des organisations non gouvernementales au sommet de l’OMC à Seattle, et cela malgré leurs dissonances. Ou encore le refus massif des consommateurs européens de se voir imposer par des firmes multinationales, sans informations sûres et accessibles, des produits alimentaires contenant des organismes génétiquement modifiés.

Cependant, ces fronts du refus, même puissants et organisés, ne peuvent, à eux seuls, suffire à inverser le fonctionnement de nos sociétés. Il faut pour cela réhabiliter et rénover le politique en s’appuyant sur le principe remis à l’ordre du jour par Jacques Delors lorsqu’il était président de la Commission européenne, celui de la subsidiarité.

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Les Missions Locales

1996



Présentation de la vocation des Missions locales




Les missions locales sont des outils au service des jeunes en difficulté. Créées à l’initiative des élus locaux, constituées le plus souvent d’associations, elles rassemblent dans leurs instances des représentants des collectivités territoriales et des services de l’Etat, des partenaires économiques et sociaux, et des associations.

Au travers des actions d’accueil, d’orientation et d’accompagnement, elles apportent un soutien aux jeunes pour leur insertion sociale et professionnelle, en liaison et avec l’appui des partenaires locaux. Elles élaborent et mettent en place avec ces partenaires des réponses adaptées aux problèmes rencontrés.

Dès la création de cet outil en 1982, des missions locales se sont implantées en milieu rural (aujourd’hui, au nombre de 70) : l’insertion sociale et professionnelle y devenait alors également une question qui commençait à se poser aussi dans les territoires ruraux et y prend aujourd’hui une dimension préoccupante.

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Pourquoi les jeunes désertent-ils ?

1996



Dans cet article, l’auteur partage sa préoccupation vis-à-vis du phénomène de désertion des territoires ruraux par les jeunes. Si l’un des enjeux est de mieux accompagner leur insertion professionnelle, la situation nécessite aussi de mieux comprendre pourquoi les jeunes désertent.




Implantée en région Aquitaine, la Mission Locale du Pays Villeneuvois s’adresse aux jeunes de l’arrondissement de Villeneuve-sur-Lot situé au nord-est du département du Lot-et-Garonne. [Elle] a accompagné, au cours de l’année 1995, plus de 1500 jeunes. [Cet accompagnement] comprend un important travail de fond sur l’orientation et la construction d’un projet professionnel. La principale difficulté que nous affrontons est l’absence de motivation réelle des jeunes qui leur permettrait de se propulser vers la vie active, vers un projet de vie.
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L’évolution du domaine qualité dans les entreprises

1996



Dans cet article, l’auteur présente les trois étapes principales de l’évolution de la gestion de la qualité dans les entreprises depuis la seconde guerre mondiale. Il insiste sur les nouvelles approches et notions pour développer la qualité dans les entreprises aujourd’hui et voit une grande relation entre ce défi pour le milieu humain qu’est l’entreprise et les enjeux auxquels un territoire est confronté.




L’histoire du mouvement qualité dans le monde est décomposée en trois grandes étapes, liées à des problèmes de survie.

La qualité s’est développée dans le monde industriel pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale. La question qui s’est posée alors était très simple : comment avoir, aux Etats-Unis, une industrie de l’armement qui puisse fabriquer des porte-avions qui ne coulent pas, des chars qui fonctionnent et permettre ainsi à l’humanité libre d’être sauvegardée ?

C’est à cette époque que se sont développés tous les grands principes de la qualité à travers des systèmes permettant d’assurer la conformité des produits. La plupart de ces règles ont toujours cours.

A partir des années 70 …

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Pour des territoires ruraux vivants et entreprenants, des hommes acteurs et responsables

2003



Dans cet article, l’auteur développe les trois dimensions essentielles pour une relance du développement des territoires ruraux : favoriser les relations des hommes entre eux, la vie économique des territoires mais aussi la vie locale et l’organisation des territoires. Il s’agit in fine de trouver les conditions d’application d’une réelle subsidiarité.




En premier lieu, il nous paraît fondamental de réaffirmer que dans le contexte du XXIe siècle, la réussite d’une politique en faveur des territoires ruraux tient essentiellement au fait de reconnaître et d’assumer dans ses conséquences le principe que l’homme est l’acteur central de tout développement territorial durable.

Notre société française, comme beaucoup de sociétés industrialisées, vit sous le signe d’une triple rupture ; rupture interne du milieu rural avec des zones équilibrées économiquement et socialement et d’autres, nombreuses, en voie de dépérissement ; rupture interne du milieu urbain matérialisée par l’éclatement entre les centres villes et les banlieues qui deviennent souvent des ghettos d’exclusion ; et rupture du dialogue et de la connaissance entre milieux ruraux et milieux urbains.

Pour redonner chance à la société française, il faut une forte volonté de rééquilibrage pour effacer ces trois ruptures. Le territoire est un tout et c’est en tant que tel qu’il faut réapprendre à le gérer. Milieux ruraux et milieux urbains doivent se nourrir les uns les autres par un dialogue constructif.

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Agriculture, société, territoires : des liens porteurs de richesses

2005



Dans cette synthèse de colloque, l’auteur propose de considérer le territoire comme un point de rencontre entre agriculture et société. Parce qu’il est un socle de relations, un espace de ressources et un lieu stratégique pour envisager le développement économique. Ceci d’autant plus que les termes d’un nouveau pacte entre agriculture et société se font jour.




Par ce colloque, nous souhaitions illustrer les relations « agriculture-société » en présentant trois cas territoriaux différents, et nous interroger alors sur la place du territoire dans cette relation. Avec les exemples du vignoble de Marcillac, de la coopérative SICASELI et du territoire sénartais, quelques lignes de force sont apparues.

Le territoire reste le socle indispensable pour activer ou réactiver les relations entre les agriculteurs et les autres acteurs de la société.

Il n’y a certes pas et il ne peut y avoir de schéma unique. Chaque territoire, en fonction de sa géographie, de son histoire, de ses contextes socio-économiques, doit définir sa propre stratégie et engager des démarches adaptées. Toutefois, c’est bien dans la proximité que se nouent les relations et les coopérations nécessaires entre tous les acteurs : acteurs économiques, acteurs politiques et acteurs associatifs. Le territoire est alors le support de ces relations et un capital essentiel à valoriser pour le développement.

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Quelle place pour les territoires ruraux ?

2003



Dans cet article, l’auteur propose une grille de lecture pour guider l’évolution de la place des territoires ruraux dans les équilibres de société. Pour répondre pleinement à leurs trois fonctions économique, naturel et résidentielle, il s’agit d’accompagner l’évolution des relations ville-campagne mais aussi l’organisation des territoires ruraux eux-mêmes, en particulier au niveau de la commune et des pays.




Les ruraux ont besoin d’un message […] fort, clair et cohérent pour se situer dans un monde qui se cherche de nouveaux modes de vivre ensemble. L’avenir des territoires ruraux dépend de l’articulation qui sera trouvée entre les trois fonctions principales que la société du XXIe siècle attend de ses campagnes :

  • un espace économique à valoriser,

  • un espace naturel à protéger,

  • un espace résidentiel à aménager.

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