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L’association foncière pastorale : un outil de travail

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L’association foncière pastorale : un outil de travail

1999




11 - Sur la prise en charge des équilibres naturels, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, 5 - Le territoire et ses acteurs, Base documentaire, GRANDADAM Pierre


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L’association foncière pastorale : un outil de travail

L’association foncière pastorale (AFP) réunit les propriétaires fonciers afin de gérer collectivement un périmètre à l’abandon ou en voie d’abandon. Cinq principaux objectifs sont visés :

  • Répondre aux objectifs de la politique paysagère intercommunale : le paysage est le fruit de la relation entre un milieu naturel et une société ;

  • Améliorer l’aspect paysager de la vallée, en rendant plus agréable le cadre de vie quotidien de ses habitants et plus attractive cette zone de montagne pour les touristes ;

  • Résorber progressivement les grands espaces en friche aux portes des villages ;

  • Développer et soutenir l’agriculture de montagne de la vallée par la mise en valeur de prés de fauche et de pâturages ;

  • Sauvegarder la vie économique et sociale des villages.

Les propriétaires du périmètre concerné s’associent tout en restant individuellement propriétaires de leurs biens fonciers. Il n’est en aucun cas question d’expropriation. La création de l’AFP permet à un propriétaire de vendre ou d’acheter des terrains du périmètre. L’AFP gère, entretient ou fait entretenir l’ensemble du périmètre, y effectue les travaux nécessaires à la remise en état.

Toutes les décisions sont prises en Assemblée générale, par l’ensemble des propriétaires ; la Direction départementale de l’agriculture et des forêts (DDAF) et le District Haute-Bruche aident à l’aboutissement du projet, dans la mesure où la majorité des propriétaires concernés y est favorable. L’association est largement soutenue financièrement par les divers partenaires institutionnels, une part restant à sa charge.

L’AFP est donc essentiellement un outil de travail pour faire en sorte qu’un espace naturel soit entretenu au lieu de perdre toute valeur agronomique, patrimoniale, paysagère…

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, , ,

Remettre en valeur des fonds de vallées livrés à la friche

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Remettre en valeur des fonds de vallées livrés à la friche

1999



Cet article reprend l’intervention de Pierre GRANDADAM lors d’une rencontre sur les problèmes complexes liés au vivant. L’auteur raconte comment, dans un partenariat étroit avec les acteurs du territoire (agriculteurs, propriétaires et habitants), les élus locaux ont initié la remise en valeur des fonds de vallées de la Haute-Bruche. Etape par étape, des outils comme l’association foncière pastorale ont été mobilisé et ont permis d’atteindre des résultats déjà satisfaisants, en particulier pour la qualité du paysage.


11 - Sur la prise en charge des équilibres naturels, 12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, Base documentaire, GRANDADAM Pierre


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Pierre Grandadam est maire d’une commune qui couvre 2300 hectares dans cette vallée des Vosges. Un seul agriculteur y vit encore. Progressivement l’industrie textile et bon nombre d’exploitations agricoles ont disparu. L’espace s’est désagrégé. Les habitants se sont résignés à accepter ces espaces délaissés. Chacun s’est habitué à la friche, a perdu la volonté d’occuper l’espace. L’image symbole de cette évolution est assez désolante : des friches et des zones marécageuses dans laquelle les sapins, pieds dans l’eau toute l’année, crèvent l’un après l’autre.

En 1980, le District a souhaité initier une dynamique autour du paysage, afin de rouvrir les fonds de vallées, de les remettre en valeur.

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, , ,

La SICA et le développement local

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La SICA et le développement local

1996



Dans cet article, l’auteur souligne l’intérêt, l’originalité et la modernité de l’outil SICA pour accompagner l’aménagement et l’organisation des territoires ruraux. Contrairement aux outils classiques du développement agricole, la SICA est une structure ouverte à l’ensemble des acteurs ruraux d’où probablement de nouvelles opportunités à rechercher aujourd’hui dans l’appui aux dynamiques de « pays ».


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 5 - Le territoire et ses acteurs, 6 - La spécificité rurale, Base documentaire, DUPUIS Jean


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La société d’intérêt collectif agricole a été introduite dans notre droit par la grande Loi du 5 août 1920 qui organisait la société coopérative agricole et la caisse de crédit agricole mutuel. Aux SICA revenait l’équipement rural tel l’électrification rurale, grand projet de l’époque. L’équipement étant un bien collectif territorial, les SICA étaient ouvertes à tous les habitants ruraux, sous réserve que les agriculteurs possèdent la majorité en voix aux assemblées générales.

L’origine de cette grande loi d’organisation rurale se trouve dans l’héroïsme des paysans qui ont supporté le poids principal de la Guerre des tranchées (1914-18). Le « ils ont des droits sur nous » était le signe de la reconnaissance de la Nation, mais il découlait aussi du sentiment que les valeurs rurales ayant permis de tels hommes devaient être sauvegardées en vue du bien commun à venir.

Le souci du législateur était donc de protéger un style de vie si fertile en qualités humaines, que le modèle urbain qui se généralisait pouvait détruire, non par hostilité, mais parce que les critères qu’il génère sont incompatibles avec la spécificité des milieux ruraux.

Par la suite, la modernisation des exploitations agricoles, en agrandissant les surfaces, a poussé à l’exode rural. A un point tel que l’on s’est enfin aperçu qu’agriculteurs et éleveurs, s’ils étaient essentiels à la ruralité, n’en formaient pas la totalité.

Il existe à leurs côtés d’autres catégories sociales qui sont aussi des paysans, c’est-à-dire ceux qui font le pays et participent aux réalités rurales. La raréfaction croissante des agriculteurs et des éleveurs leur redonne une importance relative. Mais il est bien tard. Les concepts urbains juridiques et administratifs ont mis toute leur emprise sur ces acteurs de la ruralité autres qu’agricoles et la cohérence du tissu rural, toutes activités confondues, en est altérée !

Et nos SICA, justement ouvertes à toutes les catégories d’activités rurales, que deviennent-elles dans cette évolution ? Elles ont été totalement éclipsées par la réussite économique de la coopération agricole, par le succès bancaire prodigieux du Crédit Agricole. L’action du crédit et de la coopération agricoles reste certes profitable aux milieux ruraux. Mais en incarnent-ils encore l’esprit selon les critères de la Loi du 5 août 1920 ?

Alors pourquoi ne pas donner à la SICA conçue dès l’origine pour l’équipement rural une vocation particulière pour l’équipement du « pays », tel qu’il est défini par la Loi récente sur l’aménagement du territoire ? En n’oubliant pas bien sûr, que dans la tradition mutualiste, l’organisation d’un tissu social, c’est aussi de l’équipement, puisqu’il s’agit de donner à un milieu de vie les moyens de s’exprimer.

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, , ,

Des montagnes, des ours et des hommes

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Des montagnes, des ours et des hommes

1996



Dans cet article, l’auteur témoigne des racines de son engagement dans les vallées du Haut-Béarn qui d’une situation de crise face au « problème de l’ours » l’ont conduit à porter une démarche patrimoniale pour ré-impliquer progressivement l’ensemble des acteurs qui revendiquent une responsabilité sur ce territoire où vivent les ours… un processus qui pour l’auteur part du principe que chacun dans son domaine ou sa compétence a quelque chose à faire pour le bien commun.


11 - Sur la prise en charge des équilibres naturels, 12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, Base documentaire, LASSALLE Jean


Télécharger

Je suis fils de berger transhumant. J’habite le village de Lourdios-Ichere dans les Pyrénées Atlantiques. C’est dans une ambiance chaleureuse que mon père nous a inculqués à mon frère, mes deux sœurs et moi une certaine idée du pays. Sans qu’il nous ait jamais donné l’obligation impérieuse d’y rester, j’ai compris ensuite qu’il avait fait ce qu’il fallait pour que nous ne suivions pas le mouvement général des jeunes qui partaient. Chaque fois que je voyais des maisons se fermer, j’avais le cœur serré : c’était une civilisation qui foutait le camp ! Et, d’une certaine manière, par notre silence, nous laissions faire cela.

Lorsqu’il s’est agi de choisir, c’est finalement mon frère qui a repris l’exploitation, le troupeau familial et la transhumance. J’ai été élu maire de ma commune à 21 ans, puis Conseiller Général. Je suis vice-président du Conseil Général, député suppléant. J’ai fait un peu de politique. Mais je n’ai jamais considéré la politique comme une fin en soi. C’est un moyen de réaliser des actions. Comme je ne voulais pas en être dépendant, j’ai créé mon propre bureau d’ingénieurs conseil. J’ai toujours continué à mener cette activité.

Au début de mon mandat de maire, nous avons créé un foyer rural à Lourdios, ce qui nous a permis de beaucoup voyager et de comprendre pas mal de choses. Nous sommes allés en Allemagne, en Irlande, en Autriche, à Cuba, en Egypte, en Israël et, en retour, nous recevions les gens chez nous. Lors de nos escales à Paris, nous retrouvions les copains qui avaient quitté le pays. Ils n’étaient pas partis de gaieté de cœur mais lorsqu’ils venaient au pays, ils affichaient un certain bonheur. A Paris, nous nous sommes vite rendu compte que ce n’était pas très exactement le cas. Paris n’était pas forcément l’Eldorado dont on m’avait parlé. Dans le fond, nous n’avions pas absolument tort de faire le choix de rester au pays. Nous n’étions pas tellement isolés. Nous établissions des liens et des relations lors de nos voyages qui ont donné un grand coup de moral à mon village de 80 habitants : pratiquement tous les jeunes ont décidé de s’y installer.

Nous vivons dans la seule région de France où vivent encore, d’une manière naturelle, quelques ours. Nous trouvions cela assez naturel, même si la cohabitation a toujours été difficile au fil des siècles.

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,

L’audit patrimonial : un outil nouveau au service de l’action en commun

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L’audit patrimonial : un outil nouveau au service de l’action en commun

1996



2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, DE MONTBEL Ambroise


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Un audit patrimonial se déroule en général en trois phases.

La première est qualifiée de « macro-systémique ». L’auditeur rencontre les acteurs qui ont une action ou une vision globale de la question :: Conseil Général, Conseil Régional, administrations, chambres consulaires, associations…

Ensuite, se déroule la phase « micro-systémique » au cours de laquelle sont écoutés les acteurs de terrain (élus locaux, socio-professionnels…) suivant les mêmes principes et la même grille d’analyse.

Les entretiens sont menés selon des règles strictes de déontologie : le commanditaire de l’audit est clairement identifié ; il est bien clair que la personne auditionnée accepte librement de participer à l’audit et que ce qu’elle dira n’engage ni l’auditeur, ni le commanditaire à agir ; la confidentialité absolue de ses propos lui est garantie ; enfin, la diffusion du rapport d’audit est gérée par le commanditaire.

Quatre registres à la grille d’analyse :

  • Identification des problèmes qui se posent, des entités naturelles et humaines concernées.

  • Diagnostic des actions engagées pour répondre à ces problèmes.

  • Prospective : échelle géographique et échelle de temps auxquelles les problèmes vont se jouer, se résoudre. Description de trois scénarios que la personne qualifie : un positif, un tendanciel, un négatif.

  • Enfin, l’auditeur recueille toutes les propositions d’actions des acteurs en leur demandant quel est le système d’action dans lequel ils sont prêts à s’engager et qu’ils veulent construire. Cette partie différencie l’audit d’une étude classique. L’audit patrimonial vise en effet à mobiliser les acteurs en sollicitant leur expertise.

Chacune de ces deux phases peut être conclue, à la demande du commanditaire, par une restitution publique auprès de toutes les personnes rencontrées par l’auditeur.

Enfin, vient la phase d’intégration « micro-macro systémique » au cours de laquelle l’auditeur intègre ce qu’il a entendu lors des phases « macro » et « micro », dans le but de proposer une nouvelle organisation de l’action aux acteurs.

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,

Expliciter un jeu à somme positive : l’exemple de l’orange

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Expliciter un jeu à somme positive : l’exemple de l’orange

1996



Sur une table : une orange et un couteau. Autour de la table : Sophie et Marie.
Comment partager l’orange pour obtenir un jeu à somme positive ?


2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, OLLAGNON Henry


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Sur une table : une orange et un couteau. Autour de la table : Sophie et Marie.

Comment partager l’orange pour obtenir un jeu à somme positive ?

1 « Couper l’orange en deux et en donner une moitié à Sophie et l’autre moitié à Marie. » C’est un jeu à somme nulle.

2 « Il vaut mieux retirer le couteau pour ne pas qu’elles se disputent. » Ce serait un jeu à somme négative.

3 « Les écouter attentivement et de manière confidentielle : Sophie veut le zeste pour faire un gâteau et Marie veut la pulpe pour boire un jus. » C’est l’explicitation d’un jeu à somme positive.

(1) Exemple tiré de Comment réussir une négociation?, de Fisher, Uri et Patton (éditions du Seuil, 1981)

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, ,

La goutte d’eau, l’ours et le milieu rural

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La goutte d’eau, l’ours et le milieu rural

1996



Comment faire se rencontrer plusieurs représentations d’une même situation ? Comment faire que la recherche de liberté de l’homme et la qualité de la nature se renforcent ? Comment impliquer les hommes face de réalités en mouvement et en interaction ? Comment susciter le changement de comportement d’un ensemble d’acteurs ? Dans cet article, l’auteur retrace les principaux constats et questionnements qui l’ont conduit à formaliser l’approche patrimoniale.


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, OLLAGNON Henry


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S’agissant de la même nappe phréatique, une première constatation assez curieuse…

Pour certains, les « économistes », une goutte d’eau est une ressource économique. Leur langage n’est qu’économique. Pour d’autres, les écologistes, c’est un milieu de vie. Ils proposent un discours écologique. Pour d’autres encore, les « technico-administratifs », c’est à la fois une ressource économique et un milieu de vie, mais en tout cas, c’est toujours un objet de gestion publique. Il faut donc lui appliquer des règles publiques dans le cadre d’une approche administrative.

Pourtant, c’est la même goutte d’eau ! L’eau pose un problème tout simple : elle a une multitude de dimensions. Une multitude de personnes sont en relation avec elle. Mais leurs différents regards sur l’eau ne se rencontrent pas, ne s’enrichissent nulle part et, pire, ils se désorganisent les uns les autres.

Un de nos gros problèmes aujourd’hui, c’est d’admettre que le mot « eau » a un contenu sémantique très divers selon les acteurs, mais que c’est de la même eau dont il s’agit.

Deuxième fait assez bizarre.

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,

Le bien commun

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Le bien commun

1998



Dans cet encart, l’auteur dessine à grands traits sa conception du bien commun… et de sa gestion.


2 - Concepts, outils, méthodes et disciplines pour approcher la notion de territoire, Base documentaire, MOLLARD Michel


Télécharger

Au delà des actions liées à la propriété publique et privée, le maintien ou l’amélioration de la qualité de nombreux systèmes complexes et multi-acteurs requiert des actions mettant en jeu les relations des acteurs entre eux. Si les acteurs s’engagent volontairement pour organiser et gérer ces relations en vue de résoudre les problèmes de qualité, il y a alors prise en charge de ces problèmes qui deviennent « bien commun » ou « patrimoine commun ».

La gestion en bien commun apparaît souvent comme une condition déterminante de la qualité des systèmes complexes. Elle repose sur 1’échange, la communication et la négociation. Elle peut être spontanée lorsque la qualité à gérer est la survie du groupe.

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, , ,

Une gestion en bien commun de leur milieu de vie par des hommes responsables, élément clef du retour à l’équilibre de notre société

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Une gestion en bien commun de leur milieu de vie par des hommes responsables, élément clef du retour à l’équilibre de notre société

1996



Dans cet article, l’auteur précise les principes et objectifs de l’action de Sol et Civilisation, tournée vers un rééquilibrage de la société qui se fonde sur un comportement nouveau des acteurs. L’objectif est bien de promouvoir un Homme actif et responsable et pour cela d’explorer de nouvelles méthodes et de nouveaux outils pour que l’Homme puisse être pleinement acteur de son propre développement. Deux exigences liées ensemble : la recherche-action!


12 - Sur la notion de développement intégré, 3 - Le territoire comme espace pour faire ensemble, 6 - La spécificité rurale, Base documentaire, MOLLARD Michel


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Un rééquilibrage de la société exige un comportement nouveau des acteurs

Dans la vie des individus et des sociétés, comme en physique, le déséquilibre est souvent facteur de mouvement et à ce titre, peut procurer des effets positifs. Cependant, lorsqu’il affecte la société de manière excessive, il engendre des conséquences négatives, souvent cumulatives, qu’il devient difficile de surmonter.

Beaucoup d’indices conduisent à penser que notre société ne parvient plus, par les modes de raisonnement et les méthodes en vigueur, à juguler une évolution inexorable vers un démantèlement qui, après avoir frappé la société dans son organisation, atteint les individus dans leur comportement social.

S’il est de bon ton d’incriminer le mode d’organisation dominant actuel, qualifié de libéralisme et son corollaire la mondialisation permise par le progrès des techniques de communication et de transport, il faut considérer que ces deux phénomènes ne sont que des facteurs d’accélération d’un processus entamé de longue date.

Sol et Civilisation a en effet déjà exprimé l’idée qu’une des origines de cette situation est à rechercher dans la position devenue dominante du système urbano-industriel quant à son influence sur les modes d’organisation et de gestion de notre société.

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, , ,

L’innovation agricole et les politiques régionales en Ile-de-France

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L’innovation agricole et les politiques régionales en Ile-de-France

2007



Dans son discours, l’auteur rappelle la dimension agricole et rurale de la région Ile-de-France, tant sur le plan géographique qu’économique. Dès lors pour le président de la région Ile-de-France, l’enjeu est d’accompagner l’agriculture et l’espace rural pour conduire l’innovation nécessaire face aux défis de compétitivité, pour créer de nouvelles valeurs ajoutées, pour protéger les espaces naturels mais aussi maintenir des territoires vivants.


4 - Le territoire comme objet… d’aménagement, de politique, de financement, de recherche, 5 - Le territoire et ses acteurs, 9 - Sur les questions de développement économique, Base documentaire, HUCHON Jean-Paul


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Je crois qu’on n’associe pas tellement l’Ile-de-France à l’agriculture. En général il y a d’autres images qui viennent à l’esprit, d’autres couleurs que le vert. Pourtant, c’est vrai que l’Ile-de-France est une région très urbanisée, la plus urbanisée, c’est vrai que c’est une région industrielle, une des plus industrielle, une région de services aussi, des services financiers par exemple. C’est une terre de recherche aussi, elle compte 45% des chercheurs du pays et concentre l’essentiel des grands centres de recherche. C’est une terre de patrimoine immobilier très important. Il y a 25 millions de mètres carrés de bureaux en Ile-de-France, c’est la première surface immobilière de bureaux ! Cette année, la région accueillera plus d’entreprises étrangères que Londres.
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