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Vers un projet agricole pour la ville nouvelle de Sénart

2004



Dans cet article, l’auteur retrace à grands traits l’histoire de la ville nouvelle de Sénart et de la place progressive qu’y ont pris les agriculteurs et l’agriculture. C’est ainsi que l’auteur décrit une situation atypique qui mixe agriculture et ville et nécessite de plus en plus de penser le projet agricole comme un projet dans la ville, voire même comme une partie du projet de ville. A travers ce cheminement, l’auteur éclaire les voies de relations nouvelles entre les agriculteurs et les habitants d’un territoire très urbanisé.




A travers mon témoignage, je souhaite avant tout vous faire partager l’histoire singulière de la plaine de Sénart et surtout le ressenti de tous les hommes qui l’habitent. Comment ils ont ressenti le choc de l’urbanisation ? Qu’est-ce que cela a impliqué dans leur façon de vivre ? Et puis comment, aujourd’hui, nous tentons ensemble une reconstruction ?

Une terre généreuse

Sénart, située à 30 kilomètres au Sud-est de Paris, étalée sur 2 départements – l’Essonne et la Seine et Marne – constitue un périmètre de 12000 hectares. Ses sols, d’une qualité agricole exceptionnelle – plus d’un mètre de limon sur les calcaires de Brie – sont assis sur l’énorme nappe de Champigny qui abreuve Paris et la région parisienne. Toujours les hommes ont cultivé cette terre briarde, et il faut dire que tout y pousse dans les meilleures conditions. La forêt de Sénart, qui fait partie du territoire, a constitué pendant longtemps une réserve de chasse du roi. C’était une forêt très giboyeuse, le roi s’y rendait par la Seine puis y accédait à travers une allée royale qui traverse champs et forêt. Il faut ajouter aussi que l’agriculture qui a été pratiquée sur ces territoires a toujours nourri Paris en farine, en blé, en lait, en viande, en foin, et cela pour la simple et bonne raison que ce territoire était situé à une journée de charrette à cheval de Paris, pour l’aller et le retour.

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La démarche patrimoniale

2006



Dans cet article, les auteurs synthétisent les grandes lignes de la démarche patrimoniale. Centrée sur la gestion du vivant donc la gestion de la complexité, la démarche patrimoniale permet de faire évoluer le comportement d’un ensemble d’acteurs en interaction face à un problème. En illustrant la définition de la « gestion de la qualité du vivant » avec la gestion d’une rivière, les auteurs distinguent les limites des approches universalistes actuelles et propose d’engager une autre voie, celle de l’approche patrimoniale pour accompagner les acteurs vers une meilleure de la gestion du vivant.




La gestion du vivant, un enjeu majeur pour notre société

Tout au long de son parcours personnel et professionnel, Henry Ollagnon s’est intéressé à la question de la gestion du vivant par les hommes à travers de nombreux sujets : la gestion des espèces, des ressources et des milieux naturels, la gestion des territoires, la gestion des crises, l’ingénierie des projets complexes, l’adaptation stratégique des gestionnaires du vivant au développement durable. Pour lui, le vivant émerge aujourd’hui comme un révélateur d’une crise profonde de nos sociétés, basée sur une conception de la modernité qui exclue tout ce qui est complexe, circulant, évolutif pour le réduire à du mesurable, causal, stable. Cette crise du vivant se manifeste, pour de nombreux acteurs publics et privés, par des problèmes nouveaux, mais suscite aussi des projets pour un renouvellement de la gestion des territoires, des produits et de la nature. Rechercher les conditions et les moyens d’une meilleure gestion de la qualité du vivant n’est pas seulement, se confronter à des problèmes ou monter des projets, c’est aussi entreprendre un chemin original pour la connaissance et l’action en univers complexe. Henry Ollagnon a ainsi exposé les concepts et les méthodes d’une « gestion patrimoniale de la qualité du vivant ».

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Œconomie et territoire, deux retours aux sources pour nous projeter dans le 21e siècle

2009



Dans cet article, l’auteur nous invite à revenir aux sources de « l’économie », c’est à dire à l’oeconomie comme l’art de penser les relations entre les choses et entre les hommes. Pour l’auteur, ce retour à l’oeconomie est évidemment complémentaire d’un retour au territoire, échelle d’organisation du développement économie et social, mais aussi et probablement surtout parce que l’économie réelle repose sur la confiance, dont le territoire est l’un des îlots.




Jusqu’au milieu du 18e siècle ce n’est pas le mot économie qui était utilisé pour désigner ce que l’on entend aujourd’hui par ce terme, l’organisation collective du système de production et d’échange qui lie les hommes et femmes entre eux et nous relie à la planète. C’était le mot œconomie.

Comme le dit fort bien le fameux botaniste Karl Von Linné (1707-1778) dans son livre intitulé Principes de l’œconomie, publié en 1752, l’œconomie, c’est « l’art de préparer des choses naturelles à notre usage, l’art de tirer parti de tous les biens de la nature ». Les « lois de l’œconomie » auxquelles il fait allusion dans son livre ne sont pas ce que nous entendons aujourd’hui sous ce terme et ce qui est enseigné sur les bancs de l’université : le fonctionnement des marchés, la substitution du capital au travail ou encore de la théorie de la monnaie. Dans un monde encore largement dominé par la production agricole, l’œconomie est l’art de tirer parti de la nature ou, comme on le disait à l’époque, l’art d’être « ménager de la nature ». Notre connaissance des lois physiques ou, comme on dirait maintenant, des écosystèmes, est le moyen pour chaque peuple de tirer parti au mieux des ressources propres à chaque contexte et à chaque pays. Plus d’un siècle plus tôt, le Français Antoine de Montchrestien (1575-1621) avait écrit en 1615 un Traité de l’œconomie politique, défini comme « l’art de gérer et les hommes et les choses ». Il parle même de « mesnagerie publique » d’où va dériver aussi bien l’expression « économie ménagère » que le terme moderne de management. L’œconomie est alors l’art de penser les relations entre les choses, les relations entre les hommes.

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Les transformations des campagnes françaises au début du XXIe siècle

2005



Dans cet article, l’auteur propose en trois temps de reconsidérer les campagnes et d’éclairer leurs transformations. Peut-on encore parler de ruralité ou ne faut-il pas plutôt considérer les ruralités d’aujourd’hui pour décrire les dynamiques des espaces ruraux? L’auteur décrypte ensuite les 7 ruptures qui conduisent selon lui à la recomposition leurs recompositions autour de trois dimensions : agricole, résidentielle et naturelle. Pour assurer un développement local de ces territoires ruraux, il s’agit dès lors de prendre en charge cette recomposition à travers quatre défis.




A la fin du XXe siècle, le monde rural français comptait un peu plus de 13 millions d’habitants, c’est à peu près le même que celui de la France de 1960. Cependant, en 1962, le chiffre de 13 millions d’habitants représentait 30 % de la population française alors qu’aujourd’hui il n’en représente plus que 23 %, la France ayant gagné 10 millions d’habitants au cours de cette période.

Ruralité et Ruralités

13 millions d’habitants, c’est l’aboutissement du grand mouvement séculaire d’exode rural qui naît autour de la décennie 1860-1870 ; à un moment où 80 % de la population française vivait en milieu rural. Derrière ce chiffre se cachent quatre dynamiques démographiques qui correspondent à quatre espaces ruraux bien distincts.

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La gestion des ressources humaines en milieu rural : un défi territorial

2006



Dans cet article, le groupe de Toulouse souligne l’originalité de la gestion des ressources humaines en milieu rural. Pour la prendre en compte, il faut par conséquent développer des outils et des dispositifs spécifiques, appréhender cette problématique de façon transversale, d’où l’intérêt et l’opportunité de faire émerger dans les territoires une organisation tripartite : la triade d’acteurs.




Le territoire n’est pas qu’un espace neutre pour l’entreprise. Il peut même à l’inverse, surtout en milieu rural, générer des plus-values essentielles : ressources matérielles et humaines, atouts identitaires, solidarité entre acteurs.

Dans le champ de la gestion des ressources humaines, volet souvent stratégique pour les petites entreprises rurales, nous allons voir combien la dimension territoriale est devenue centrale. Pourtant, il n’en reste pas moins que conduire et monter des projets sur une base territoriale n’est pas chose aisée.

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La gestion des ressources humaines en milieu rural : l’exemple du Pays Couserans

2006



Dans cet article, l’auteur détaille une action menée par les élus locaux pour améliorer le développement socio-économique du territoire. La gestion prévisionnelle des emplois et des compétences s’y inscrit au travers de la recherche d’un développement local. L’expérience du Pays Couserans illustre l’enjeu que représente, à un moment donné et pour un territoire, la gestion des ressources humaines, ici dans le cadre d’une meilleure structuration des acteurs du territoire.




Petit bassin d’emploi pyrénéen, le Couserans occupe la partie occidentale du département de l’Ariège. Il est traversé par 18 vallées, dont celle du Salat. D’une superficie de 1700 km², il compte 29000 habitants (stabilité par apports migratoires), soit en moyenne 17 hab/km². Saint Girons, ville centre et carrefour du pays, compte environ 6300 habitants (recensement 1999 ; -14 % depuis 1982 au profit de son agglomération d’environ 12000 hab).

Le territoire se divise entre une zone de piémont à vocation agricole et résidentielle plutôt attractive au nord (300 – 600 mètres d’altitude) et une partie plus montagneuse au sud (jusqu’à 2800 mètres d’altitude), frontalière de l’Espagne, cul de sac mué par le tourisme saisonnier.

L’organisation administrative du territoire s’articule autour de 8 communautés de communes, (95 communes) réunies en Syndicat Mixte de pays.

En 1996 est créée une « Association de Développement du Couserans » (ADC), structure de coordination des procédures de « contrat de terroir » initiée par la Région. L’association est chargée, dès la fin 1998, de l’orientation vers la construction d’un pays Voynet, avant que soit envisagé ultérieurement, par l’échelon départemental, la création d’un parc naturel régional. Dans une démarche qui se veut aussi de « démocratie participative » et dans l’optique de la formation du « conseil de développement » du futur pays, les socioprofessionnels couserannais, les « forces vives locales », sont consultés, notamment pour le travail de réunion et de réflexion qui mènera à la rédaction de la « charte de pays ».

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La gestion des ressources humaines en milieu rural : l’expérience de la coopérative SICASELI

2006



Dans cet article, les auteurs présentent l’exemple du territoire du Ségala-Limargue sur lequel les acteurs économiques – entreprises puis associations – se sont mobilisés pour mettre en place, au fil des années, une gestion progressive de gestion des ressources humaines. Au travers de l’association Mode d’Emploi, du club d’entreprises et de la création d’une CUMA, les acteurs locaux se sont regroupés, organisés et tentent désormais de renforcer la triade d’acteurs. Les auteurs détaillent ainsi leur recherche d’un mode de gouvernance local permettant de répondre aux problèmes de gestion des ressources humaines sur le territoire : déficit de main-d’œuvre et de compétences prévisible dans les années à venir.




La SICASELI propose approvisionnement et services de proximité pour les agriculteurs de 5 cantons autour de Lacapelle Marival dans le Nord Est du Lot. Depuis le début des années 90, elle est interpellée par la situation de son territoire qui présente les problématiques courantes des zones rurales : désertion des métiers de l’agriculture et de l’artisanat, augmentation du prix du foncier et arrivée de nouveaux habitants aux attentes et besoins nouveaux. La viabilité de l’activité économique sur ce territoire est remise en question par la diminution des actifs et des compétences. Forte de ce constat, la coopérative en appelle à tous les acteurs pour réfléchir et apporter des réponses collectives et intersectorielles.
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L’innovation territoriale de la SICASELI

2009



Dans cet interview, l’auteur éclaire sa conception de l’innovation sur le territoire de la coopérative SICASELI, le Ségala-Limargue, et détaille sa façon de la conduire et de l’accompagner, tant sur le plan technique qu’organisationnel.




L’innovation est l’issue économique d’une idée nouvelle. Elle se distingue d’une invention par le fait que l’idée a trouvé son public dans la mesure où celui-ci s’en est emparé. L’innovation implique une certaine créativité et le risque qui lui est inhérent. Innover, c’est trouver une vraie capacité à être créatif et à travailler ensemble. Les innovations doivent être au cœur des entreprises telles que les coopératives. L’innovation, à l’heure où les entreprises et les profits s’individualisent, c’est justement de pouvoir compter sur la solidarité et la mutualisation.
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La gestion des ressources humaines dans les territoires, une réflexion de longue haleine

2006



Dans cet éditorial, l’auteur reprend l’histoire, l’organisation et la conduite des réflexions du groupe de Toulouse, véritable cheminement d’une préoccupation commune pour l’entrepreneuriat en milieu rural vers l’approfondissement des conditions et moyens d’une bonne gouvernance territoriale, en particulier en matière de gestion des ressources humaines dans les territoires…




C’est autour de Raymond LACOMBE, président fondateur de Sol et Civilisation, que s’est constitué ce qu’on appelle le « groupe de Toulouse » parce que ce groupe a été accueilli à Toulouse par l’Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture de Purpan et par son directeur de l’époque, Pierre TAPIE.

Se réunissant à Toulouse à partir de 2001, le groupe de réflexion s’est donc composé pour l’essentiel de personnes travaillant en Midi-Pyrénées et se reconnaissant dans la double mouvance du développement territorial rural et de la pensée de Raymond LACOMBE, leader agricole charismatique, trop vite disparu en février 2002. C’est au demeurant celui-ci, qui a assuré avec énergie et dynamisme la véritable animation du groupe, autour d’un sujet qui lui était cher : « entreprendre en milieu rural ».

Les participants à cette réflexion étaient issus des institutions agricoles mais aussi de l’appui au développement et de la formation. Le groupe a auditionné diverses expériences de terrain et s’est progressivement forgé une logique commune exposée au cours d’un colloque qui s’est tenu à l’ESA Purpan en novembre 2001 et dont les principales conclusions ont été rapportées dans la lettre de Sol et Civilisation n°22 et au cours des assises nationales de septembre 2002.

La conclusion essentielle de ces travaux était de mettre le projecteur sur ce qui semblait le principal obstacle au fait d’entreprendre en milieu rural, à savoir le cloisonnement et les disfonctionnements entre les acteurs (entreprises, associations, élus). Le développement économique en milieu rural n’est pas seulement une question d’opportunités ou de positionnement judicieux mais également le fruit d’une bonne gouvernance territoriale.

Après une période de transition, le groupe de Toulouse s’est remis au travail. Dans la continuité des réflexions antérieures, il a semblé opportun de creuser plus particulièrement une question qui se pose aujourd’hui de manière cruciale aux acteurs ruraux, celle de la gestion des ressources humaines dans le territoire.

Pour mettre en œuvre cette réflexion, le groupe dit « de Toulouse » s’est ouvert à d’autres membres et a reconduit sa méthode : auditions d’experts et témoignages, travaux collectifs, publications. Vous trouverez dans les pages suivantes le fruit de cette première phase d’investigation : un article introductif situe l’intérêt de cette question, trois exemples en illustrent des aspects différents et un dernier article en tire les enseignements préliminaires.

A l’heure où la concurrence entre territoires est de plus en plus forte, au moment où le monde se complexifie davantage chaque jour, la richesse humaine des milieux ruraux constitue, à n’en point douter, une force de premier plan pour ces territoires s’ils souhaitent vivre et se développer. Il serait vain de croire pourtant que ce potentiel humain se maintient de lui-même. La rapidité des changements, la plasticité des évolutions font qu’il faut sans cesse s’adapter. Là encore, la réponse semble se trouver dans l’émergence d’une gouvernance adaptée associant les différents acteurs.

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La gestion du vivant : une stratégie d’avenir pour la société et l’agriculture

2005



Dans cet article, l’auteur recherche les conditions pour impliquer les agriculteurs et l’agriculture au cœur du projet de développement durable que recherche la société. En revenant sur les critères courants de développement durable, il propose d’éclairer une voie nouvelle fondée sur la prise en charge du vivant dans une approche de qualité totale. Comment les agriculteurs peuvent-ils se saisir du rôle stratégique qu’ils peuvent y jouer ?




L’agriculture est-elle une activité d’avenir en France et en Europe, comme ailleurs dans les territoires du monde ? Les agriculteurs peuvent-ils répondre seuls à cette question ? La société fait-elle le lien, à travers sa recherche de développement durable, entre la qualité du vivant qu’elle recherche et l’agriculture ?

Au carrefour de l’alimentation, de la gestion de la qualité de la nature, de l’ambiance des territoires, les agriculteurs ont potentiellement un rôle à jouer. Mais, l’agriculture est-elle ainsi reconnue comme une activité de gestion du vivant ? Cette reconnaissance va de moins en moins de soi. Il faut des promoteurs, des chemins, des actes pour que la société se dote d’une véritable gestion de la qualité du vivant, dans chaque territoire de la biosphère.

N’est-ce pas une vaste et nécessaire ambition pour les agriculteurs que de promouvoir, de façon opérationnelle, par une stratégie de la qualité totale, une agriculture durable dans les territoires du monde ?

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